Fig 1.
Fire recurrences in the African continent, based on the MODIS FireCCI51 product (2001–2020).
Fig 2.
Seasonality of burned areas (yellow) in Africa (2001–2020) for DJF (December-February), MAM (March-May), JJA (June-August) and SON (September-November).
Fig 3.
Seasonality of burned areas (yellow) by countries and territories (2001–2020).
DJF (December-February), MAM (March-May), JJA (June-August), and SON (September-November).
Table 1.
Seasonality (%) of burned areas across Africa (2001–2020) for the two hemispheres.
DJF (December-February), MAM (March-May), JJA (June-August), and SON (September-November).
Fig 4.
Seasonal spatial-temporal trend of NDVI in burned areas across Africa (2001–2020).
Areas with increasing (green) or decreasing (red) vegetation, based on the Mann-Kendall test and statistically significance values (p < 0.05) for DJF (December-February), MAM (March-May), JJA (June-August), and SON (September-November). Gray areas were not statistically significant (p > 0.05).
Table 2.
Seasonal spatial-temporal trend of NDVI in burned areas across Africa (2001–2020). Percentages (%) of increases or decreases (%) based on the Mann-Kendall test and statistically significant (p < 0.05) and non-significant (p > 0.05) values.
DJF (December-February), MAM (March-May), JJA (June-August), and SON (September-November).
Fig 5.
Seasonal spatial-temporal trends of NDVI in burned areas across Africa, by countries and territories (2001–2020).
Analysis based on the Mann-Kendall test and statistically significance values (p < 0.05, p > 0.05) for DJF (December-February), MAM (March-May), JJA (June-August) and SON (September-November).
Fig 6.
Seasonal spatial-temporal trend of NDVI of burned forested areas in Africa (2001–2020).
Areas with increasing (green) or decreasing (red) vegetation, based on the Mann-Kendall test and statistically significance values (p < 0.05) for DJF (December-February), MAM (March-May), JJA (June-August) and SON (September-November). Gray areas were not statistically significant (p > 0.05).
Table 3.
Seasonal spatial-temporal trend of NDVI of burned forested areas in Africa (2001–2020) for the two hemispheres.
Percentages (%) of increases or decreases (%) based on the Mann-Kendall test and statistically significance (p < 0.05) and non-significant (p > 0.05) values. DJF (December-February), MAM (March-May), JJA (June-August), and SON (September-November).
Fig 7.
Seasonal spatial-temporal trend of NDVI of burned forested areas in Africa (2001–2020) by countries and territories.
Areas with increasing (green) or decreasing (red) vegetation, based on the Mann-Kendall test and statistically significance values (p < 0.05) for December-February (DJF), March-May (MAM), June-August (JJA) and September-November (SON). Gray areas were not statistically significant (p > 0.05).
Fig 8.
Proportion of the increase (green) or decrease (red) in forest cover in areas with different fire recurrences in Africa, according to the Mann-Kendall test and statistically significance values.
DJF (December-February), MAM (March-May), JJA (June-August), and SON (September-November). Gray areas were not statistically significant (p > 0.05).
Fig 9.
Relationship between monthly NDVI and climatic variables values (Tmax, maximum air temperature; P, precipitation; VPD, vapor pressure deficit), in areas with increasing trends (p < 0.05).
DJF (December-February), MAM (March-May), JJA (June-August), and SON (September-November).
Fig 10.
Relationship between monthly NDVI and climatic variables values (Tmax, maximum air temperature; P, precipitation; VPD, vapor pressure deficit), in areas with decreasing trends (p < 0.05).
DJF (December-February), MAM (March-May), JJA (June-August), and SON (September-November).
Table 4.
The correlation coefficient (r) between NDVI values and the seasonal series (2001–2020) of maximum air temperature (Tmax), precipitation (P), and vapor pressure deficit (VPD).
DJF (December-February), MAM (March-May), JJA (June-August), and SON (September-November).