Fig 1.
(A) Photo of the office-like test room with a chair used for Exp 1 and 3. (B) Photo of the MOOG test room with a seat on the motion platform used to produce physical motion cues. (C) Example image of the virtual rendition of the MOOG test room (shown in B) with a virtual seat and a screen. This virtual rendering of the room was used for all experiments (Exps 1, 2, and 3).
Table 1.
Experiment parameters.
Fig 2.
(A) The participant fixated on the fixation cross for 500 ms. (B) Visual target presented for 500 ms. (C) Randomly generated dots appeared on the screen after the visual target disappeared. (D) The participant was either stationary for a set period or passively moved laterally. (E) The screen turned dark. The participant then moved the indicator target to the remembered location of the visual target as fast as they could.
Fig 3.
Calculating pointing angles from the errors observer made when pointing at the remembered target positions.
EccI = Initial target eccentricity, EccF = Final target eccentricity, ErrI.SC = Error when stationary at the initial observer position, ErrF.SC = Error when stationary at the final observer position, ErrMC = Error after being moved to the final position, PAI.SC = Mean pointing angle when stationary at the initial observer position, PAF.SC = Mean pointing angle when stationary at the final observer position, PAMC = Mean pointing angle after being moved to the final position, D = Distance between the observer and the screen.
Fig 4.
Showing how different errors result in different “updating indices”.
The position of the target presented is shown as the yellow tennis ball. The remembered target position after it disappeared when the observer was at the initial position (I) and at the final position (F) are shown as red balls. Then after a movement to the right (away from target–left panel, or towards target–right panel), possible errors are illustrated. The dashed blue line indicates full updating, i.e., remembered target position after moving is the same as position the observer would have remembered if they were stationary at the final position (b). If instead the observer positions the target at other locations they correspond to over-updating (a), too little updating (c), no updating at all (dashed red line) (d), or thinking the observer moved in the opposite direction (e). The index value for each of these outcomes is indicated in the legend.
Fig 5.
(A) and (B) indicate the target positions participants indicated as they remembered them on the screen after Stationary (Black) and Visual Motion (Red), where (A) the observer was initially on the left side moving right, and (B) the observer was initially on the right side moving left. The lighter colored dots represent remembered positions from each participant (N = 20) and the darker colored dots and lines represent the means. The dashed line represents true target positions, therefore the deviation from the dashed line to the remembered target position is the error made. For both x- and y-axes, positive (+) represents right, and negative (-) left direction from the center of the screen. (C) indicates the average errors for each target for each condition. For both x- and y-axes, positive (+) represents towards the moving direction, and negative (-) away from the moving direction in the moving condition (for stationary condition, the directions were kept the same for consistency). The shaded area (A–Orange, B–Green, C–Grey) contains the targets within the start and the end positions (from -0.5 m to +0.5 m) between which the observer traveled in the Visual Motion condition.
Fig 6.
(A) and (B) indicate the target positions participants indicated as they remembered them on the screen after Stationary (Black), Visual Motion (Red), Physical Motion (Purple) and Full Motion (vision and physical) (Blue) conditions, where (A) the observer was initially on the left side, and (B) the observer was initially on the right side. The lighter colored dots represent remembered positions from each participant (N = 23) and the darker colored dots and lines represent the means. The dashed line represents true target positions, therefore the deviation from the dashed line to the remembered target position is the error made. For both x- and y-axes, positive (+) represents right, and negative (-) left direction from the center of the screen. The orange and green shaded areas contain the targets within the start and the end positions (from -0.23 m to 0.23 m) that the observer traveled between in the motion conditions. (C) indicates the average errors for each target for each condition. For both x- and y-axes, positive (+) represents towards the moving direction, and negative (-) away from the moving direction in the moving conditions (for stationary condition, the directions were kept the same for consistency). The faded area (A–Orange, B–Green, C–Grey) contains the targets within the start and the end positions (from -0.5 m to +0.5 m) between which the observer traveled in the moving conditions.
Fig 7.
The positions participants remembered the targets in for Stationary, Short (0.46 m) and Long (1 m) travel conditions. A) after moving from center to the left, B) after moving from center to the right. The lighter colored dots represent remembered positions from each participant (N = 23) and the darker colored dots and lines represent the means. The dashed line represents true target positions, therefore the deviation from the dashed line to the remembered target position is the error made. For both x- and y-axis, positive (+) represents right, and negative (-) left direction from the center of the screen. The orange and green shaded area contain the targets within the start and the end positions (orange from 0 m to 0.46 m, and green from 0 m to 1 m) between which the observer traveled in the moving conditions.
Fig 8.
Comparison between Exp 2 and 3.
Mean errors participants made for each target for Stationary (Black) and Visual Motion (Red) conditions for Exp 2 and the equivalent targets from Exp 3, where 0 on the vertical axis is the start position and collapsed across observer positions: Left and Right. For both x- and y-axis, positive (+) represents in the direction of the movement, and negative (-) the opposite direction. The faded area contains the errors for the targets from the start and the end position (from 0 m to 0.46 m) where the observer traveled in the Visual Motion conditions.
Fig 9.
The updating ratio for each target position.
Exp 1: with 1m translation–visual motion (Red) without any physical motion cues. Exp 2: with 0.46 m translation–three motion conditions: visual motion (Red), physical motion (Purple), and full motion (Blue). The lighter colored dots are updating ratios from each participant and the darker colored dots and lines are the means. The vertical grey dashed lines represent perfect updating at 1 and no updating at 0. The black dashed line represents mean updating ratios if participants had correctly remembered target positions after moving. The grey shaded area represents the start and end position through which the observer traveled (Exp 1 –from 0 m to 1 m, Exp 2 –from 0 m to .46 m) in the moving condition.
Fig 10.
Change of the target visual field after observer lateral movement based on the target eccentricity.
Targets within the range of motion (indicated by the red arrow) are initially in the observer’s left field but switch to the observer’s right field as a result of the movement. Targets outside this range merely move within their original fields.