Table 1.
Scale of check dams.
Table 2.
Sectoral divisions of major industrial sectors.
Table 3.
Final demand increases (in Japanese yen) in each industrial sector.
Fig 1.
System boundaries of check dam construction: (a) timber check dam, (b) concrete check dam, (c) steel check dam.
Fig 2.
Procedure for greenhouse gas emissions assessment.
Table 4.
Greenhouse gas emissions (measured in kg-CO2eq) are associated with constructing timber, concrete, and steel check dams.
Fig 3.
Top five sectors contributions to the direct and indirect effects of timber, concrete, and steel check dam construction.
Fig 4.
Greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide emissions associated with cement production for constructing concrete check dams have decreased since 2015.
Fig 5.
Net greenhouse gas reductions and emissions associated with each industrial sector when concrete, steel, and concrete made with cement with reduced greenhouse gas emissions are replaced by timber as the primary construction material for check dams.
Table 5.
Comparison with previous studies.