Fig 1.
Illustrative examples of slack movement and proportionate movement in the two-inputs model, including the super-efficiency approach; the non-radial slacks are indicated in yellow.
Source: Own elaboration based on Cheng [16].
Fig 2.
Share of subsidies in income in EU countries.
Source: [25].
Table 1.
Descriptive statistics: Integrated efficiency variables and factor productivity.
Table 2.
The average value of efficiency and slacks on food security and GHG emission in clusters under different model assumption.
Fig 3.
Malmquist index, efficiency change, technological change and technological gap ratio (2006–2018 averages).
Source: Own elaboration.
Fig 4.
Malmquist index, efficiency change, technological change and technological gap ratio (2006–2018 averages).
Source: Own elaboration.
Fig 5.
Malmquist index, efficiency change, technological change and technological gap ratio (2006–2018 averages).
Source: Own elaboration.