Table 1.
Examples of suggested exercises for imagery training.
Fig 1.
Timeline of the experimental procedure.
Fig 2.
Grand-average ERP waveforms recorded from left and right anterior and inferior frontal (top) and left, right and midline centroparietal sites (bottom) during recall of the 4 macro-categories of motivational states.
Fig 3.
Isocolour topographical maps of voltage potentials recorded during recall of the 4 macro-categories of motivational states in the 400-600 ms time window (50 ms step).
Fig 4.
(Left) Mean area amplitude of N400 response recorded as a function of the 12 micro-categories of motivational states.
Standard deviations and statistical significances at post-hoc comparisons are also shown for the various states. (Right) Grand-average ERP waveforms recorded from left and right anterior and inferior frontal sites during recall of the 12 microstates.
Fig 5.
Grand-average ERP waveforms recorded from left and right anterior and inferior frontal (left) and left, right and midline centroparietal sites (right) during recall of the 12 micro-categories of motivational states.
Fig 6.
Spearman Rho correlation between subjective rates of complexity of recalling the motivational states and individual N400 mean amplitude values.
Fig 7.
(Left) Mean area amplitude of P400 response recorded as a function of the 12 micro-categories of motivational states.
Standard deviations and statistical significances at post-hoc comparisons are also shown for the various states. (Right) Grand-average ERP waveforms recorded from left, right and midline centroparietal sites during recall of the 12 microstates.
Table 2.
List of active electromagnetic dipoles (along with their Talairach coordinates) explaining brain voltage during the four recalled macro-motivational and physiological states (group analysis).
Fig 8.
Sagittal, axial and coronal views of swLORETA source reconstructions of N400 surface potentials recorded in the 400-600 ms time window during the various macro-categories of motivational states.
The various colors represent differences in the magnitude of the electromagnetic signal (nA). The electromagnetic dipoles appear as arrows and indicate the position, orientation and magnitude of the dipole modelling solution applied to the ERP waveform in the specific time window. A, anterior; P, posterior; L, left; R, right; numbers refer to the displayed brain slice in the MRI imaging plane.
Table 3.
List of Regions of Interest identified and referenced to the Gyri and Brodmann areas (BAs) included in each cluster. A similar clustering was used in Della Vedova and Proverbio [31] and in Proverbio and Cesati [34].
Fig 9.
(Top) Cumulative values of average magnitude (dipole strength in nA) of electromagnetic dipoles found active in each of the selected ROIs of the left and right hemisphere, during the recall of states belonging to the 4 macro-motivational states.
(Bottom) The amplitude trend profile of the P/N400 components recorded in the present, and in Proverbio & Pischedda’s [34] studies, based on visual pictograms, shows a clear similarity in the behavior of these neural signatures, irrespective of the experimental condition.