Table 1.
Neuronal parameter.
Table 2.
Synaptic parameters.
Fig 1.
The relationship between the increment in synaptic strength and the difference in firing time. The values are A = 1, λ = 0.5, u = 0.3, α = 0.8, τ+ = 0.015, τx = 0.03, τ− = 0.03, w0 is constant and depends on other parameters in the neural network.
Table 3.
Average connectivity.
Fig 2.
Effect of Poisson stimulation frequency on neuronal firing rate.
(A) The relationship between Poisson stimulation frequency and average neuronal firing rate at low frequencies. The black curve represents excitatory neurons, while the red curve represents inhibitory neurons. (B) The relationship between Poisson stimulation frequency and average neuronal firing rate at high frequencies.
Fig 3.
Schematic of square wave stimulation.
Square wave stimulus amplitude curve over time.
Fig 4.
Effect of square-wave stimulus properties on neuronal firing rate.
(A) Effect of square-wave stimulation frequency on firing rate. The black curve represents excitatory neurons, while the red curve represents inhibitory neurons. (B) Effect of square-wave stimulation amplitude on firing rate.
Fig 5.
Schematic diagram of DC stimulation.
DC stimulus intensity curve over time.
Fig 6.
Effect of DC stimulation intensity on neuronal firing rate.
The relationship between DC stimulus intensity and average neuronal firing rate. The black curve represents excitatory neurons, while the red curve represents inhibitory neurons.
Fig 7.
Schematic of stabilisation time.
Firing rate of a group of neurons curve over time. In the figure, t1 represents the time when the stimulus is applied, t2 represents the time when the stimulus is removed, and both t3 and t4 represent the moments when the neuronal network’s firing rate stabilizes.
Fig 8.
Neuron firing rates over time.
(A) A DC stimulus of intensity 1 is added to the neural network, and the changes in the firing rates of the target neuron population, the inhibitory neuron population, and the excitatory neuron population are observed. (B) A DC stimulus of intensity 2 is added to the neural network, and the same changes as in (A) are observed. (C) A DC stimulus of intensity 3 is added to the neural network, and the same changes as in (A) and (B) are observed.
Fig 9.
Neuron firing rates over time after changing the E-E connecting edge probability of the neural network.
(A) A DC stimulus of intensity 1 is added to the neural network. (B) A DC stimulus of intensity 2 is added to the neural network. (C) A DC stimulus of intensity 3 is added to the neural network.
Fig 10.
Time required to reach stabilization after adding and removing stimuli from the neural network.
(A) The time required for the neural network to reach stability after adding DC stimuli of intensities 1, 2, and 3, measured across four cases with E-E concatenation probabilities of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7, respectively. (B) The time required for the neural network to reach stability after removing DC stimuli of intensities 1, 2, and 3, measured across the same four cases with E-E concatenation probabilities of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7.
Fig 11.
Neuron firing rates over time.
(A) Observing changes in the firing rates of the target neuron population, inhibitory neuron population, and excitatory neuron population after adding a Poisson stimulus with a frequency of 1 Hz to the neural network. (B) Observing the same changes as in (A) after adding a Poisson stimulus with a frequency of 2 Hz to the neural network. (C) Observing the same changes as in (A) and (B) after adding a Poisson stimulus with a frequency of 3 Hz to the neural network.
Fig 12.
Neuron firing rates over time.
(A) Observing the changes in the firing rates of the target neuron population, inhibitory neuron population, and excitatory neuron population after adding a square wave stimulus with an amplitude of 1V to the neural network. (B) Observing the same changes as in (A) after adding a square wave stimulus with an amplitude of 2V to the neural network. (C) Observing the same changes as in (A) and (B) after adding a square wave stimulus with an amplitude of 3V to the neural network.
Fig 13.
Results of adding the first stimulation scheme to the neural network.
(A) Specific stimulation modality of scheme 1: A stimulus was applied to the neural network for 0.8 s and then stopped for 1 s. (B) Changes in the firing rates of excitatory and inhibitory neurons when DC stimulation, as shown in scheme 1, of increasing intensity was added to the neural network.
Fig 14.
Results of adding the second stimulation scheme to the neural network.
(A) Specific stimulation modality of scheme 2: Successive addition of stimulation with increasing intensity to the same neural network for 0.8 s, followed by a 1 s pause. (B) Changes in the firing rates of excitatory and inhibitory neurons when DC stimulation, as shown in scheme 2, of increasing intensity was added to the same neural network.
Fig 15.
Differences in network firing rates between the two stimulation schemes.
The relationship between DC stimulus intensity and the difference in firing rate. The black curve represents excitatory neurons, while the red curve represents inhibitory neurons.
Fig 16.
Differences in network firing rates for the two stimulation schemes that exist after modifying the properties of the neural network.
(A) The difference in firing rates between the two stimulation schemes as DC stimulus intensity increases, after modifying the probability of connecting edges in the neural networks to 0.3. (B) The difference in firing rates between the two stimulation schemes as DC stimulus intensity increases, after modifying the number of target neurons in the neural network to 8.
Fig 17.
Two schemes of Poisson stimulation were added to the neural network.
(A) The variation in firing rates of excitatory and inhibitory neurons after adding Poisson stimuli from scheme 1 to the neural network. (B) The variation in firing rates of excitatory and inhibitory neurons after adding Poisson stimuli from scheme 2 to the neural network.
Fig 18.
Differences in network firing rates between the two stimulation schemes.
The relationship between Poisson stimulation frequency and the difference in firing rate. The black curve represents excitatory neurons, while the red curve represents inhibitory neurons.
Fig 19.
Difference in the network firing rate of the two stimulation schemes present after modifying the properties of the neural network.
(A) The difference in firing rates between the two stimulation schemes as Poisson stimulation frequency increases, after modifying the probability of connecting edges in the neural networks to 0.3. (B) The difference in firing rates between the two stimulation schemes as Poisson stimulation frequency increases, after modifying the number of target neurons in the neural network to 8.
Fig 20.
Two schemes of square wave stimulation were added to the neural network.
(A) The variation in firing rates of excitatory and inhibitory neurons after adding square wave stimuli from scheme 1 to the neural network. (B) The variation in firing rates of excitatory and inhibitory neurons after adding square wave stimuli from scheme 2 to the neural network.
Fig 21.
Differences in network firing rates between the two stimulation schemes.
The relationship between square-wave stimulus amplitude and the difference in firing rate. The black curve represents excitatory neurons, while the red curve represents inhibitory neurons.
Fig 22.
Difference in the network firing rate of the two stimulation schemes present after modifying the properties of the neural network.
(A) The difference in firing rates between the two stimulation schemes as the amplitude of square wave stimulation increases, after modifying the probability of connecting edges in the neural networks to 0.3. (B) The difference in firing rates between the two stimulation schemes as the amplitude of square wave stimulation increases, after modifying the number of target neurons in the neural network to 8.
Fig 23.
Addition of square wave stimuli for both schemes.
The relationship between square wave stimulus amplitude and average neuronal firing rate. The black curve represents scheme 1, while the red curve represents scheme 2. The statistics are averaged from n = 4 wels in experiment group. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM.
Fig 24.
Differences in network firing rates between the two stimulation schemes.
The relationship between square-wave stimulus amplitude and the difference in firing rate.