Fig 1.
Sampling procedure to reach the final sample size in 30 African countries from 2014–2022.
Table 1.
Summary results of covariates of time-to-death for under-five children in Africa using recent DHS, 2014–2022.
Fig 2.
Under-five children mortality rates in Africa using recent DHS data from 2014–2024.
Table 2.
Under-five children mortality rates in Africa using recent standard DHS, from 2014–2022.
Fig 3.
The Under-five children mortality rate per 1000 live births in African countries by region using recent DHS from 2014–2022.
Table 3.
The incidence rate per 1000 live births of under-five children in African countries using recent DHS from 2014–2022.
Fig 4.
Overall Kaplan-Meier estimation of the survival function of follow-up children in Africa using recent DHS 2023(n = 226862).
Fig 5.
Overall Kaplan-Meier estimation of failure function follow-up children.
Fig 6.
Survival time-to-death of under 5 children by birth outcome.
Fig 7.
Survival time-to-death of under 5 children by family size.
Fig 8.
Survival time-to-death of under 5 children by place of delivery.
Table 4.
Log-rank test of survival time among the different groups of covariates for children in Africa using recent DHS 2023 (n = 226,862).
Table 5.
Schoenfeld residual test for checking proportional hazard assumptions for the incidence of under-five child mortality and its predictors among live births in the 30 African countries.
Table 6.
Variance of the random effect (θ) for null model of parametric survival AFT shared frailty baseline hazard functions.
Table 7.
AFT shared frailty model diagnostics and comparisons for time to death among under-five children and its predictors among live births in Africa.
Table 8.
Multivariable lognormal AFT gamma shared frailty parametric survival regression analysis of time to death and its predictors among under-five children in Africa using recent DHS from 2014–2022.