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Table 1.

Descriptive statistics.

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Table 1 Expand

Table 2.

Full-sample connectedness in time- and frequency- domain.

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Table 2 Expand

Fig 1.

The net spillover network of energy, carbon, and tourism markets.

(a) return (b) volatility (c)skewness (d) kurtosis.

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Fig 1 Expand

Fig 2.

Total connectedness of return, volatility, skewness, and kurtosis.

(a) return (b) volatility (c) skewness (d) kurtosis.

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Fig 2 Expand

Fig 3.

Net connectedness of return, volatility, skewness, and kurtosis.

(a) return (b) volatility (c) skewness (d) kurtosis.

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Fig 3 Expand

Fig 4.

Net connectedness of return, volatility, skewness, and kurtosis in short- and long-term frequencies.

(a) return in short-term frequencies (b) return in long-term frequencies (c) volatility in short-term frequencies (d) volatility in long-term frequencies (e) skewness in short-term frequencies (f) skewness in long-term frequencies (g) kurtosis in short-term frequencies (h) kurtosis in long-term frequencies.

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Fig 4 Expand

Table 3.

Full-sample connectedness based on TVP-DY model.

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Table 3 Expand