Table 1.
Descriptive statistics.
Table 2.
Full-sample connectedness in time- and frequency- domain.
Fig 1.
The net spillover network of energy, carbon, and tourism markets.
(a) return (b) volatility (c)skewness (d) kurtosis.
Fig 2.
Total connectedness of return, volatility, skewness, and kurtosis.
(a) return (b) volatility (c) skewness (d) kurtosis.
Fig 3.
Net connectedness of return, volatility, skewness, and kurtosis.
(a) return (b) volatility (c) skewness (d) kurtosis.
Fig 4.
Net connectedness of return, volatility, skewness, and kurtosis in short- and long-term frequencies.
(a) return in short-term frequencies (b) return in long-term frequencies (c) volatility in short-term frequencies (d) volatility in long-term frequencies (e) skewness in short-term frequencies (f) skewness in long-term frequencies (g) kurtosis in short-term frequencies (h) kurtosis in long-term frequencies.
Table 3.
Full-sample connectedness based on TVP-DY model.