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Fig 1.

Expanded theoretical framework.

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Fig 1 Expand

Fig 2.

The hypotheses model.

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Fig 2 Expand

Fig 3.

Research area.

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Table 1.

Descriptive statistics of the sample.

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Table 1 Expand

Table 2.

Description of rural residents’ engagement in living environment upgrade.

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Table 2 Expand

Table 3.

Variables and measurement questionnaire survey.

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Table 3 Expand

Table 4.

Reliability and convergent validity test.

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Table 4 Expand

Table 5.

Discriminate validity test.

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Table 5 Expand

Fig 4.

Structural equation model diagram.

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Fig 4 Expand

Table 6.

Model fitness test.

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Table 6 Expand

Fig 5.

Parameter path of the structural equation model standardized path coefficient estimates.

(* means p<0.05, ** means p<0.01, *** means p<0.001).

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Fig 5 Expand

Table 7.

Results of direct effects.

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Table 7 Expand

Table 8.

Results of mediation effects.

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Table 8 Expand

Table 9.

Results of the chain mediation effects.

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Table 9 Expand