Fig 1.
Expanded theoretical framework.
Fig 2.
The hypotheses model.
Fig 3.
Research area.
Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of the sample.
Table 2.
Description of rural residents’ engagement in living environment upgrade.
Table 3.
Variables and measurement questionnaire survey.
Table 4.
Reliability and convergent validity test.
Table 5.
Discriminate validity test.
Fig 4.
Structural equation model diagram.
Table 6.
Model fitness test.
Fig 5.
Parameter path of the structural equation model standardized path coefficient estimates.
(* means p<0.05, ** means p<0.01, *** means p<0.001).
Table 7.
Results of direct effects.
Table 8.
Results of mediation effects.
Table 9.
Results of the chain mediation effects.