Fig 1.
Multi-level framework to study women’s empowerment (adapted from Kabeer and Yount) [13, 21].
Fig 2.
Directed Acyclic Graph to study the association of community-level men’s and women’s gender norms and women’s empowerment.
Table 1.
Socio-demographic characteristics of married women (15–49 years) in the analytical sample, National Family Health Survey-5, 2019–21 (n = 63,112).
Table 2.
Weighted proportion of men’s and women’s responses to attitudes towards wife beating from men and currently married women in National Family Health Survey-5, 2019–21.
Table 3.
Distribution of constructed community-level men’s and women’s gender norms variables in the analytical sample.
Table 4.
Descriptive statistics of dependent variables (women’s empowerment) chosen as dependent variables (n = 63,112).
Table 5.
Multivariable mixed effects exploring the association between community-level male and female inequitable gender norms on different dimensions of women’s empowerment (odds ratios, 95% confidence interval).