Fig 1.
The schematic of the problem.
Fig 2.
Mathematical modeling process for contact adhesion layer properties.
Fig 3.
Upper: Finite element models with varying mesh sizes (a. 0.4 mm, b. 0.1 mm, c. 0.05 mm) and Mises stress distribution. Bottom: Showing the relationship between mesh size and Mises stress distribution across six case studies.
Fig 4.
Quantifying the effect of Young’s modulus ratio on force-penetration profiles: Adhesive layer thickness maintained at 2 mm, wavelength fixed at 2.
Fig 5.
Exploring the influence of adhesive layer thickness on force-penetration behavior: Consistent wavelength of 0.5 and Young’s modulus ratio fixed at 5/1.
Fig 6.
Quantifying the effect of Young’s modulus ratio on contact pressure-displacement profiles: Adhesive layer thickness maintained at 2 mm, wavelength fixed at 2.
Fig 7.
Exploring the influence of adhesive layer thickness on contact pressure-displacement behavior: Consistent wavelength of 0.5 and Young’s modulus ratio fixed at 5/1.
Fig 8.
Quantifying the effect of Young’s modulus ratio on contact area- applied force profiles: Adhesive layer thickness maintained at 2 mm, wavelength fixed at 2.
Fig 9.
Exploring the influence of adhesive layer thickness on contact area- applied force behavior: Consistent wavelength of 0.5 and Young’s modulus ratio fixed at 5/1.
Fig 10.
Quantifying the influence of Young’s modulus ratio and adhesive layer thickness on force-contact area.