Fig 1.
O2·- and H2O2 contents in P. ginseng.
(A) main root, (B) fibrous root.
Fig 2.
(A) main root, (B) fibrous root.
Fig 3.
(A) main root, (B) fibrous root.
Fig 4.
SOD, CAT and POD activities in P. ginseng.
(A) main root, (B) fibrous root.
Fig 5.
AsA, GSH, GSSH contents, ratio of GSH/GSSH and APX, GR activities in P. ginseng.
(A) main root, (B) fibrous root.
Fig 6.
Activities of HMGCR, FPS, SS, SE and DS in P. ginseng.
(A) main root, (B) fibrous root.
Fig 7.
Content of monomer ginsenosides in P. ginseng.
(A) main root, (B) fibrous root.
Fig 8.
Contents of total ginsenosides in P. ginseng.
(A) main root, (B) fibrous root.
Fig 9.
1,3-DPG contents and PEPC activities in P. ginseng.
(A) main root, (B) fibrous root.
Fig 10.
(A) main root, (B) fibrous root.
Fig 11.
(A) main root, (B) fibrous root.
Fig 12.
Results of Morris water maze experiment in mice.
(A) blank control group. (B) model group. (C) positive control group. (D) ginseng main root group on the 0th day. (E) stressed ginseng main root group on the 5th day. All values were expressed as Mean ± S.D. (n = 10). **p < 0.01 vs. blank control group (A); ##p < 0.01 vs. model group (B).
Fig 13.
Mice brain tissues stained with H&E dye kits (200×).
(A) blank control group. (B) model group. (C) positive control group. (D) main root group on the 0th day. (E) stressed the main root group on the 5th day.
Fig 14.
GSH-PX, SOD activities and MDA contents in mice brain tissues.
(A) blank control group. (B) model group. (C) positive control group. (D) main root group on the 0th day. (E) stressed the main root group on the 5th day. All values were expressed as Mean ± S.D. (n = 10). **p < 0.01 vs. blank control group (A); ##p < 0.01 vs. model group (B).
Fig 15.
ROS promote ginsenoside biosynthesis under water stress.
Green boxes represent enzymes and red dashed arrows represent the relationship between ROS and the activities of key enzymes of the ginsenoside synthesis pathway.