Fig 1.
Flow chart of the study population.
NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population from NHANES 2013–2018 (N = 11,440).
Fig 2.
Comparison of prevalence of lung cancer in participants with COPD and participants without COPD.
(A) In overall population. (B) Stratified by age. (C) Stratified by sex. (D) Stratified by BMI. (E) Stratified by smoking history. (F) Stratified by smoking cessation duration. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BMI, body mass index.
Fig 3.
Forest plot showing association of COPD with prevalence of lung cancer.
(A) Unadjusted model: with no covariate adjustment; (B) Minimally adjusted model: with adjustment of age, sex, and race; (C) Fully adjusted model: with adjustment of age, sex, race, BMI, education level, annual family income, smoking, comorbidities (including asthma, diabetes, chronic heart failure, coronary heart disease, stroke). COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BMI, body mass index.
Table 2.
Comparison of risk of lung cancer in participants with COPD and participants without COPD.