Fig 1.
Beet yellows virus (BYV) induced symptoms in B. vulgaris cultivar SV79 three and six weeks after aphid inoculation (wpi) compared to mock-inoculated SV79 sugar beet plants.
Fig 2.
Principal component analysis (PCA) showing clustering of inoculation treatment replicates (n = 4).
Light green = mock-inoculated, 6 hours post inoculation (hpi); dark green = BYV-inoculated, 6 hpi; purple = mock-inoculated, 24 hpi; blue = BYV-inoculated, 24 hpi; red = mock-inoculated, 72 hpi; yellow = BYV-inoculated 72 hpi.
Table 1.
Summary of raw Illumina sequencing reads after sequence quality check, raw data filtering, and alignment of the reads to the B. vulgaris reference genome RefBeet-1.2.2 for beet yellows virus (BYV)-inoculated and mock (healthy aphids)-inoculated sugar beet leaf samples.
Fig 3.
Distribution of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after BYV infection in sugar beet summarized for all three sampling time points [6, 24 and 72 hours post inoculation (hpi)] shown by the logarithmic representation of p-value and log2 fold change using a Volcano plot (A). Boxplots of the log2 fold change of DEGs over time at 6, 24, and 72 hpi) (B). Venn diagram analysis comparing DEGs at 6 hpi (green circle), 24 hpi (blue circle), and 72 hpi (red circle) at threshold 0.0. Circle interfaces show, which genes are differentially expressed at two or more of the early infection stages (C).
Table 2.
Number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) up- and down-regulated at 6, 24 and 72 hours post inoculation (hpi) following aphid-mediated BYV inoculation in sugar beet.
Fig 4.
Log2 fold change levels of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with their putative protein function identified within the commonly DEGs that were deregulated at two of the three sampling time points [6, 24 and 72 hours post inoculation (hpi)].
Grey tiles indicate non-significant deregulation.
Fig 5.
Distribution of up- and down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) within the different BIN categories at 6, 24 and 72 hours post inoculation (hpi) and combined for all time points.
Fig 6.
Percentage classification of the BIN functional categories at 6, 24 and 72 hours post inoculation (hpi) and combined for all three time points, adjusted for the category “not assigned”.
Fig 7.
Distribution of common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between 6 and 24 hours post inoculation (hpi), 6 and 72 hpi and 24 and 72 hpi.
Fig 8.
Comparison of log2 fold changes for gene expression validation of thirteen selected significantly regulated sugar beet genes 6 (A), 24 (B) and 72 (C) hours after aphid-mediated BYV inoculation in transcriptomic, RT-qPCR validation and in biological repetition samples. Standard deviations are shown for the RT-qPCR validation and the biological repetition samples (n = 4).
Fig 9.
Time course of thirteen selected sugar beet genes deregulated after aphid-mediated BYV inoculation shown for RT-qPCR validation (A) and biological repetition (B) samples. Standard deviation is based on n = 4.