Fig 1.
Examples of intersectional combinations of advantages and disadvantages.
Note: Gray squares with a [–] denote disadvantageous social characteristics. Gray squares with a [+] denote advantageous social characteristics. Blue rectangles denote the extra rewards for relatively advantaged groups. Orange rectangles denote the extra penalties for relatively disadvantaged groups. In addition to the six interconnected combinations of advantages and disadvantages (number A through F), the additive combinations (i.e., those that do not comprise extra rewards or penalties) are included as a baseline.
Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of the employable population and analytical sample.
Table 2.
Summary of additive effects for social assistance benefit receipt and unemployment insurance benefit receipt.
Fig 2.
Estimated incidence per stratum of social assistance benefit and unemployment insurance benefit receipt.
Note: Estimated incidence per stratum of baseline models (Model 0) based on burn-in depth of 10,000 iterations and posterior distributions 10,000 iterations. 95% credibility interval are displayed as error bars. Strata smaller than 100 individuals were omitted from the analyses, see the analytical strategy for a more elaborate discussion. N(individuals) = 45,119. Source: Authors’ own calculation based on non-public individual level register data from the Social Statistical Database (SSD) of Statistics Netherlands (CBS).
Fig 3.
Estimated intersectional effects (as average marginal effects) of social assistance benefit and unemployment insurance benefit receipt.
Note: (Orange = relative disadvantaged), (Blue = relative advantaged), and (Black = Not relatively (dis-) advantaged). Estimated posterior distributions of the random intercept terms of fully adjusted models (Model 5) based on burn-in depth of 10,000 iterations and posterior distributions 10,000 iterations. 95% credibility interval are displayed as error bars. The strata are ranked by the predicted intersectional effect for each respective benefit. N(individuals) = 45,119. Source: Authors’ own calculation based on non-public individual level register data from the Social Statistical Database (SSD) of Statistics Netherlands (CBS).
Table 3.
Intersectional effects (as average marginal effects) for social assistance benefit receipt and unemployment insurance benefit receipt.