Fig 1.
Geographical setting and stratigraphy of Painten.
A) Geographical map of the ’Solnhofen Archipelago’ and Nusplingen, modified from Villalobos-Segura et al. (2023) [7] under CC BY 4.0; outline of Germany created with the R package maps (Becker et al., 2018) [11]; for a palaeogeographical map with biostratigraphical information on the ’Solnhofen Archipelago’ see Villalobos-Segura et al. (2023) [7]. B) Stratigraphic section of the Upper Jurassic (upper Kimmeridgian to lower Tithonian) sediments of the ’Solnhofen Archipelago’ (southern Germany), the sequence exposed at Painten is indicated by a bracket. Note that the new batomorph fossil is from the rebouletianum-horizon within the Lithacoceras ulmense Subzone of the Kimmeridgian (highlighted).
Fig 2.
Illustrations of DMA-JP-2010/007 showing the measurements used for traditional morphometric analyses.
Note that the illustrations are mirror images of the original fossil. Abbreviations: DL, disc length; DW, disc width; HDW, half disc width; HL, head length; JW, jaw width; LBAS, length of basipterygia; LMET, length of metapterygia; MAXR, maximum rostrum width; MAXWMES, maximum width of mesopterygia; MDBAS, inner maximum distance between basipterygia; MDBASO, outer maximum distance between basipterygia; MDMET, inner maximum distance between metapterygia; MDMETO, outer maximum distance between metapterygia; MINR, minimum rostrum width; MWBAS, maximum width of basipterygia; MWMET, maximum width of metapterygia; NC, nasal capsules maximum width; PCGW, pectoral girdle width; PCPV, pectoral girdle to pelvic girdle; PVCF, pelvic girdle to caudal fin tip; PVGW, pelvic girdle width; PVL, pelvic fin length; RAD, span between anteriormost fin radials; RL, rostrum length; SMAX, distance from the tip of the snout to the point of maximum disc width; SPV, snout to pelvic girdle; TL, total length.
Fig 3.
Location of the true landmarks (large dots in dark grey) and semilandmarks (small dots in light grey) for the two geometric morphometric analyses.
A) Head-outline. B) Complete body.
Fig 4.
Overview of DMA-JP-2010/007, the holotype of †Apolithabatis seioma gen.
et sp. nov. A) photograph of the specimen. B) Illustration of the specimen showing the skeletal morphology. Abbreviations: ac, antorbital cartilage; bp, basipterygium; br, branchial arches; c, vertebral centra; cf, caudal fin; d1, first dorsal fin; d2, second dorsal fin; hs, haemal spine; mk, Meckel’s cartilage, ms, mesopterygium; mt, metapterygium; nc, nasal capsule; ns, neural spine; pb, puboischiadic bar; pp, propterygium; pq, palatoquadrate; r, ribs; ra, pectoral fin radials; rap, pelvic fin radials; ro, rostrum; sc, scapulocoracoid; syn, synarcual. The scale bar equals 10 cm.
Fig 5.
Head region of DMA-JP-2010/007.
A) Close-up of the head region with several skeletal structures outlined. Abbreviations: ac, antorbital cartilage; mk, Meckel’s cartilage, nc, nasal capsule; pq, palatoquadrate; ro, rostrum. B) Close-up of the head region under ultraviolet light. C) Close-up of the nasal capsules and the jaw cartilages under normal light and D) under ultraviolet light. E-F) Close-up of the teeth. Scale bars: A-B) 5 cm, C-D) 2 cm, E-F) 0.5 cm.
Fig 6.
Left pectoral fin of DMA-JP-2010/007.
A) Close-up of the left pecotral fin with the basal cartilages outlined. Abbreviations: ms, mesopterygium; mt, metapterygium; pp, propterygium. B) Close-up under ultraviolet light. C) Close-up of a patch of irregularly shaped denticles. D) Magnification of some of the denticles. Scale bars: A-B) 5 cm, C) 1 cm, D) 0.5 cm.
Fig 7.
Pelvic region of DMA-JP-2010/007.
A) Close-up with several skeletal structures outlined. Abbreviations: bp, basipterygium; cr, compound radial; hs, haemal spine; ns, neural spine; r, ribs; rap, pelvic fin radials. B) Close-up under ultraviolet light. Scale bars equal 5 cm.
Fig 8.
Traditional morphometrics: Results of the principal component analysis (PCA), with each measurement adjusted to percentage of the disc width (DW) of each individual.
A) morphospace plotted on PC1 (38.3% of the total variance) and PC2 (24.44%). Asterisks indicate the holotype of the respective species. B) loading values showing the variables associated with the first two PC axes. Asterisks indicate the variables that explain the most variation for the respective PC axes. Abbreviations: DL, disc length; HDW, half disc width; HL, head length; JW, jaw width; LBAS, length of basipterygia; LMET, length of metapterygia; MAXR, maximum rostrum width; MAXWMES, maximum width of mesopterygia; MDBAS, inner maximum distance between basipterygia; MDBASO, outer maximum distance between basipterygia; MDMET, inner maximum distance between metapterygia; MDMETO, outer maximum distance between metapterygia; MINR, minimum rostrum width; MWBAS, maximum width of basipterygia; MWMET, maximum width of metapterygia; NC, nasal capsules maximum width; PCGW, pectoral girdle width; PCPV, pectoral girdle to pelvic girdle; PVCF, pelvic girdle to caudal fin tip; PVGW, pelvic girdle width; PVL, pelvic fin length; RAD, span between anteriormost fin radials; RL, rostrum length; SMAX, distance from the tip of the snout to the point of maximum disc width; SPV, snout to pelvic girdle; TL, total length.
Fig 9.
Traditional morphometrics: Boxplots of the variables explaining the most variation of PC1 and PC2, respectively.
Measurements are adjusted as percentage of the disc width (DW). Abbreviations: DL, disc length; HL, head length; JW, jaw width; LMET, length of metapterygia; MAXWMES, maximum width of mesopterygia; MDBAS, inner maximum distance between basipterygia; MDBASO, outer maximum distance between basipterygia; MDMET, inner maximum distance between metapterygia; MDMETO, outer maximum distance between metapterygia; NC, nasal capsules maximum width; PCGW, pectoral girdle width; PCPV, pectoral girdle to pelvic girdle; PVCF, pelvic girdle to caudal fin tip; PVGW, pelvic girdle width; PVL, pelvic fin length; RAD, span between anteriormost fin radials; RL, rostrum length; SMAX, distance from the tip of the snout to the point of maximum disc width; SPV, snout to pelvic girdle; TL, total length.
Fig 10.
Geometric morphometrics–head outline: Results of the principal component analysis (PCA).
Morphospace plotted on PC1 (77.61% of the total variation) and PC2 (9.37%). Asterisks indicate the holotype of the respective species. Mean shapes are shown next to each group. Dark-coloured dots of the mean shapes indicate true landmarks, light-coloured dots indicate semilandmarks.
Fig 11.
Geometric morphometrics–complete body: Results of the principal component analysis (PCA).
Morphospace plotted on PC1 (36.96% of the total variation) and PC2 (23.66%). Asterisks indicate the holotype of the respective species. Mean shapes are shown next to each group. Dark-coloured dots of the mean shapes indicate true landmarks, light-coloured dots indicate semilandmarks.
Fig 12.
Majority-rule consensus tree with bootstrap and jackknife frequencies (jackknife values in parentheses).
Daggers before taxon names indicate extinct taxa. Silhouettes were either drawn by the authors (JT, FS, PLJ) or downloaded from www.phylopic.org (all downloaded images were available for re-use under the Public Domain Dedication 1.0 licence).
Fig 13.
Environmental reconstruction showing †Apolithabatis seioma gen. et sp. nov. in association with a juvenile pleurosaurid.