Fig 1.
Model of ELM.
Fig 2.
The flowchart of the proposed EAWOA.
Fig 3.
Convergence factor α change graph.
Fig 4.
Flowchart of KELM parameters optimized by EAWOA.
Table 1.
Descriptions of the selected CEC 2005 benchmark functions.
Table 2.
Descriptions of the selected CEC 2017 benchmark functions.
Table 3.
Descriptions of the selected CEC 2022 benchmark functions.
Fig 5.
Images of partial benchmark functions.
Table 4.
Statistic results between the proposed algorithm and other metaheuristic algorithms.
Table 5.
Statistical results of various algorithms.
Fig 6.
Convergence curves of various improved WOA algorithms.
Table 6.
Performance metrics of various classifiers on different datasets.
Table 7.
Performance metrics for different βmin and βmax values.