Table 1.
Dry-preserved scarab dung beetle specimens from natural history museum collections, used in historical DNA extractions.
Natural History Museum, London (NHMUK); Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN); and Finnish Museum of Natural History (MZHF).
Fig 1.
(A) Species tree inferred using 1,497 UCEs and the 50% complete dataset; dry-preserved historical museum specimens are indicated in bold. Collapsed branches are proportional to the number of samples in each lineage. Hollow dots indicate fully supported nodes and nodes with numbers indicate bootstrap values < 100. (Oni) Onitini; (Ont) Onthophagini + Oniticellini; (Onc) Oniticellini; (M2, M1) Madagascan endemic lineages; (Sc) Scarabaeini; (Ph) Phanaeini; (Aus) Australasian endemic genera. For details, see S1 Table. (B) Dorsal view of the holotype of Neosisyphus rotundatus before and after DNA extraction using the archival protocol.
Fig 2.
Morphology of Onychothecus tridentigeris.
Dorsal habitus of male (A) and female (B); ventral view of female (C); right wing in dorsal view, with radial posterior vein 1 (RP1) indicated (D); left elytron in lateral view, indicating the numbered elytral striae and the lateral carina (E); hind tarsus, with the modified terminal tarsomere concealing the claws (F); right protibia of male, in dorsal view (G); aedeagus in lateral (H) and dorsal (I) views; endophallites (J) (abbreviations follow Tarasov & Génier (2015) [33]).
Fig 3.
Summary of UCE data resulting from two DNA extraction methods (archival extraction protocol in red and standard extraction in blue) and beetle genomes from GenBank (in green, only in B).
Violin plots illustrate the kernel density and boxplots display the median and variation. (A) Distribution of read length generated per sample, demonstrating that the density of shorter reads was generally higher from archival extractions. (B) Distribution of the number of UCE loci per sample, demonstrating that the greatest density of samples that generated large numbers of captured loci resulted from archival extractions.
Table 2.
Updated diagnosis of the tribe Coprini.
The combination of characters 1–6 constitutes a diagnosis of Coprini that includes Onychothecus; for details see Tarasov & Dimitrov (2016) [28]. Characters 7–10 (marked with *) refer to autapomorphies for Onychothecus.