Fig 1.
Flowchart of participants selection.
CKD, chronic kidney disease.
Table 1.
Characteristics of study in US population.
Table 2.
Association between dietary flavonoid intake and chronic kidney disease in US population.
Fig 2.
The non-linear trend between the intake of flavonoids and the risk of CKD using a restricted cubic spline.
Data are presented as odds ratios of CKD (y-axis) and level of flavonoids (mg/d) after adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, ethnicity, smoke status, energy intake, physical activity status, hyperuricemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes. RCS, restricted cubic spline; CKD, chronic kidney disease.
Table 3.
Association between dietary flavonoid and decreased eGFR/increased uACR in the US population.
Table 4.
Stratified analyses by potential modifiers of the association between dietary flavonoid intake and chronic kidney disease in US population.
Fig 3.
Utilizing restricted cubic splines to analyze the nonlinear trends between the intake of six flavonoid subclasses and the CKD risk.
CKD, chronic kidney disease.
Table 5.
Relationship between the intakes of six flavonoid subclasses and chronic kidney disease in US adults.