Fig 1.
Flow chart of experimental protocol.
Table 1.
General characteristics and resting vital signs of the participants.
Fig 2.
Biosignals acquisition protocols in pre and post VM.
Biosignals represent the measurements of blood vessel diameter, blood pressure, and heart rate.
Fig 3.
A representative participant performing a Valsalva maneuver while checking the real-time respiratory pressure indicator.
A digital respiratory pressure meter connects to a mouthpiece with a tube.
Fig 4.
A representative ultrasound axis image.
Abbreviation: CCA, common carotid artery.
Table 2.
Vascular dynamic changes caused by VM performance.
Table 3.
Comparison of the correlations of PWV and stiffness with variables.