Fig 1.
Spatial inequality measure for commuting zones (1960–2019).
Inequality in homicides (NCHS), policing, and homicide clearance rates.
Fig 2.
Per capita homicides (NCHS, law enforcement), police officers, and prisoners, all in deciles, as a function of income per capita (in deciles).
For each year, I recode each commuting zone’s income, per capita homicides (NCHS, law enforcement), police officers, and prisoners in deciles. Then, for each year and each income decile, I graph the average decile for homicides (NCHS, law enforcement), policing, and imprisonment. Data sources are discussed in S1 Appendix in S1 File.
Fig 3.
Spatial inequality measure for homicides (NCHS), violent victimization (rapes, robberies, and assaults), and violent crimes reported to the police for 40 MSAs (1978–2004) and 52 MSAs (2000–2015).
Data sources are discussed in S1 Appendix in S1 File.
Fig 4.
Spatial inequality measure for commuting zones (1960–2019).
Inequality in imprisonment, population 15–19, and African American population share.
Fig 5.
Spatial inequality measure for commuting zones (1960–2019).
Inequality in suicides that used a firearm, share of homicides reported by law enforcement, and homicides (law enforcement).
Fig 6.
Spatial inequality measure for per capita homicides (NCHS) and police for commuting zones in the continental United States most affected by Chinese imports versus commuting zones least affected.
Commuting zones least affected by Chinese imports are the ones in the bottom quartile in 2000–2012 import penetration, while the most affected are in the top quartile. Data sources are discussed in S1 Appendix in S1 File.