Table 1.
Data sources and definition of variables.
Table 2.
Variables and supporting past studies.
Table 3.
Summary of descriptive statistics of variables.
Fig 1.
Violin plots of CO2 emission, GDP, RE and NRE by country category.
Source: Authors’ Compilation.
Table 4.
Interpretation of wavelet coherence.
Fig 2.
Wavelet coherence: CO2 vs PGDP for world.
Fig 3.
Wavelet coherence: CO2 vs PGDP for high-income countries.
Fig 4.
Wavelet coherence: CO2 vs PGDP for low-income countries.
Fig 5.
Wavelet coherence: CO2 vs PGDP for lower middle-income countries.
Fig 6.
Wavelet coherence: CO2 vs PGDP for upper middle-income countries.
Fig 7.
Wavelet coherence: CO2 vs REC for world.
Fig 8.
Wavelet coherence: CO2 vs REC for high-income countries.
Fig 9.
Wavelet coherence: CO2 vs REC for low-income countries.
Fig 10.
Wavelet coherence: CO2 vs REC for lower middle-income countries.
Fig 11.
Wavelet coherence: CO2 vs REC for upper middle-income countries.
Fig 12.
Wavelet coherence: CO2 vs NREC for world.
Fig 13.
Wavelet coherence: CO2 vs NREC for high-income countries.
Fig 14.
Wavelet coherence: CO2 vs NREC for low-income countries.
Fig 15.
Wavelet coherence: CO2 vs NREC for lower middle-income countries.
Fig 16.
Wavelet coherence: CO2 vs NREC for upper middle-income countries.
Fig 17.
Summary of wavelet coherence graph.
Source: Authors’ Compilation.
Table 5.
Summary findings of wavelet coherence and Granger causality between CO2 and PGDP, CO2 and RE, and CO2 and NRE.