Fig 1.
DPP-4: dipeptidyl peptidase-4, SKDB: Shizuoka Kokuho Database. Cohort entry was defined as the later of the date of registration with the health insurance provider or April 1, 2012. The index data were collected on the day that the participants were first prescribed a DPP-4 inhibitor or a biguanide. The follow-up period was defined as the interval between the index date and the end date of the study (September 30, 2021), the date of withdrawal from the health insurance system, or the date of occurrence of an outcome.
Fig 2.
Flow diagram for the participants.
Table 1.
Participant characteristics after propensity score matching.
Table 2.
Antidiabetic medication prescribed and the number of health care visits within the year following the index date and after propensity score matching.
Fig 3.
Cumulative incidences of cardiac and cerebrovascular events or mortality, and diabetic complications in the matched cohort.
DPP-4i: dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor. Cumulative incidences of (a) the composite outcome of cardiac or cerebrovascular outcomes or mortality and (a) diabetic complications, including diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and other conditions, in the propensity score-matched cohort.
Table 3.
Comparison of the outcomes of participants who were prescribed biguanide or a DPP-4 inhibitor.
Fig 4.
Results of the subgroup analysis of the composite outcome.
HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval.
Fig 5.
Results of the subgroup analysis of diabetic complications.
HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval.