Fig 1.
Skull of Diploglossus bilobatus TNHC 31933 with the elements recovered as fossils and examined in the text highlighted in purple.
A. Dorsal view; B. Lateral view; C. Ventral view; D. Mandible lateral view; E. Mandible medial view. Abbreviations: Co, Coronoid; Cp, Compound bone; D, Dentary; Ec, Ectopterygoid; F, Frontal; J, Jugal; Mx, Maxilla; N, Nasal; P, Parietal; Pof, Postorbitofrontal; Prf, Prefrontal; Pt, Pterygoid; Px, Premaxilla; Spl, Splenial; Sq, Squamosal; Q, Quadrate.
Fig 2.
Cladogram of Squamata showing evolutionary framework used for evaluating apomorphies and tentative apomorphies reported in this study.
Native North American clades are shown in black while non-North American clades are in grey. Labeled nodes correspond to the following: 1, Gekkota; 2, Scincomorpha; 3, Gymnophthalmoidea (= Teiioidea of [23]); 4, Laterata (= Lacertoidea); 5, Unidentata; 6, Amphisbaenia; 7, Pleurodonta; 8, Toxicofera; 9, Anguimorpha (= Neoanguimorpha of [22]); 10, Anguidae.
Fig 3.
Cranial elements of Diploglossus bilobatus TNHC 31933 with relevant anatomical structures labeled.
A. Premaxilla in anterior view; B-C. Right maxilla in medial and dorsal views; D. Left nasal dorsal view; E-F. Right frontal dorsal and lateral views; G. Parietal in dorsal view; H. Right prefrontal lateral view; I. Right jugal lateral view; J. Right postorbitofrontal dorsal view; K. Right squamosal lateral view; L. Left quadrate posterior view; M. Right pterygoid dorsal view; N-O. Right ectopterygoid ventral and lateral views; P. Right dentary medial view; Q. Left coronoid lateral view; R. Right splenial medial view; S. Left compound bone dorsal view. Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: add.fo, adductor fossa; al.pr, anterolateral process; alv.p, alveolar plate; a.m.f, anterior mylohyoid foramen; am.pr, anteromedial process; An.pr, Angular process; a.pr, anterior process; art.s, articular surface; cch, conch; c.co, central column; ce.co, cephalic condyle; Co.pr, Coronoid process; cr.cr, cristae cranii; cr.tr, crista transversalis; d.o, dorsal ossification; fa.pr, facial process; f.co, fossa columella; f.Mx.5, maxillary trigeminal foramina; ims, intramandibular septum; ip.s, interparietal shield; l.pr, lateral process; ma.co, mandibular condyle; m.cr, medial crest; Mk.g, Meckelian groove; Mx.ft, maxilla facet; Mx.lp, maxillary lappet; n.pr, nasal process; o.pr, orbital process; pa.pl, palatal plate; Pa.pr, palatine process; pl.pr, posterolateral process; pm.pr, posteromedial process; pp.pr, postparietal process; p.pr, posterior process; Pt.ft, Pterygoid facet; pv.pr, posteroventral process; Px.pr, premaxillary process; qj.pr, quadratojugal process; Q.pr, Quadrate process; rapr, retroarticular process; Sa.pr, surangular process; sm.l, suprameckelian lip; sn.pr, supranarial process; so.pr, suborbital process; Spl.s, Splenial spine; t.pr, transverse process; ty.cr, tympanic crest; v.pr, ventral process.
Fig 4.
Cranial elements of Enyalioides heterolepis UF 68015 with relevant anatomical structures labeled.
A. Premaxilla in anterior view; B-C. Right maxilla in medial and dorsal views; D. Right nasal dorsal view; E. Frontal dorsal view; F. Parietal in dorsal view; G. Right prefrontal lateral view; H. Right jugal lateral view; I. Right postorbitofrontal in dorsolateral view; J. Left squamosal lateral view; K. Left quadrate posterior view; L. Left pterygoid dorsal view; M-N. Right ectopterygoid ventral and anterior views; O. Right dentary medial view; P. Right coronoid lateral view; Q. Right splenial medial view; R. Left compound bone dorsal view. Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: add.cr, adductor crest; add.fs, adductor fossa; al.pr, anterolateral process; alv.p, alveolar plate; a.m.f, anterior mylohyoid foramen; am.pr, anteromedial process; An.pr, Angular process; a.pr, anterior process; art.s, articular surface; cch, conch; c.co, central column; ce.co, cephalic condyle; Co.pr, Coronoid process; cr.tr, crista transversalis; d.pr, dorsal process; fa.pr, facial process; f.co, fossa columella; f.Mx.5, maxillary trigeminal foramina; j.gr, jugal groove; l.cr, lateral crest; l.pr, lateral process; ma.co, mandibular condyle; m.cr, medial crest; Mk.g, Meckelian groove; m.sh, medial shelf; Mx.ft, maxilla facet; Mx.lp, maxillary lappet; n.pr, nasal process; o.pr, orbital process; pa.pl, palatal plate; Pa.pr, palatine process; pd.pr, posterodorsal process; p.f, parietal forman; pl.pr, posterolateral process; pm.pr, posteromedial process; pp.pr, postparietal process; p.pr, posterior process; Pft.boss, prefrontal boss; Pt.ft, Pterygoid facet; pt.pr, pterygoid process; pv.pr, posteroventral process; Q.pr, Quadrate process; sac, opening for the superior alveolar canal; sm.l, suprameckelian lip; sn.a.f, subnarial arterial foramen; so.pr, suborbital process; t.pr, transverse process; ty.cr, tympanic crest; v.pr, ventral process.
Fig 5.
Fossil pleurodontans, A: Pleurodonta, B–L: Crotaphytidae. A. TxVP 41229–25562 Dorsal view of nasal; B. TxVP 41229–29095 Anterior view of premaxilla; C. TxVP 41229–27039 Dorsal and medial view of right maxilla; D. TxVP 41229–28800 Dorsal view of frontal; E. TxVP 41229–28505 Dorsal view of parietal; F. TxVP 41229–25836 Dorsal view of parietal; G. TxVP 41229–25945 Lateral and medial view of left jugal; H. TxVP 41229–28355 Lateral view of left squamosal; I. TxVP 41229–27010 Dorsolateral view of left postorbital; J. TxVP 41229–26975 Dorsolateral view of left postorbital; K. TxVP 41229–28984 Dorsolateral view of left postorbital; L. TxVP 41229–25579 Posterior view of left quadrate. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: al.pr, anterolateral process; am.pr, anteromedial process; a.pr, anterior process; ma.co, mandibular condyle; n.pr, nasal process; Pa.pr, palatine process; pa.sh, palatal shelf; pd.pr, posterodorsal process; pl.pr, posterolateral process; pp.pr, postparietal process; p.pr, posterior process; Pt.ft, pterygoid facet; pv.pr, posteroventral process; sn.a.f, subnarial arterial foramen; sn.pr, supranarial process; tb, tubercle.
Fig 6.
Nasals in dorsal view–A. Anelytropsis papillosus UF 86708 right nasal; B. Coleonyx variegatus TxVP M-12109 left nasal; C. Plestiodon gilberti TxVP M-8587 right nasal; D. Xantusia riversiana TxVP M-8505 right nasal; E. Xantusia vigilis TxVP M-12130 left nasal; F. Lepidophyma lowei LACM 143367 right nasal; G. Aploglossus plicatus TNHC 34481 right nasal; H. Aspidoscelis sonorae TxVP M-15670 left nasal; I. Bipes canaliculatus CAS 134753 right nasal; J. Heloderma suspectum TxVP M-9001 left and right nasals; K. Xenosaurus grandis TxVP M-8960 left nasal; L. Diploglossus bilobatus TNHC 31933 right nasal; M. Anniella pulchra TxVP M-8678 left nasal; N. Ophisaurus attenuatus TxVP M-8979 right nasal; O. Gerrhonotus infernalis TxVP M-13441 left nasal; P. Elgaria velazquezi SDNHM 68677 left nasal. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: am.pr, anteromedial process.
Fig 7.
Nasals in dorsal view–A. Sceloporus clarkii TxVP M-12157 right nasal; B. Petrosaurus mearnsi TxVP M-14910 right nasal; C. Uma exsul TNHC 30247 left nasal; D. Phrynosoma douglasii TxVP M-8526 right nasal; E. Iguana iguana TxVP M-8454 left nasal; F. Ctenosaura hemilopha TxVP M-8616 right nasal; G. Dipsosaurus dorsalis TxVP M-13086 right nasal; H. Sauromalus ater TxVP M-11599 right nasal; I. Anolis carolinensis TxVP M-9042 right nasal; J. Crotaphytus collaris TxVP M-12468 left nasal; K. Gambelia sila TNHC 95261 right nasal; L. Corytophanes sp. TxVP M-16765 left nasal; M. Leiocephalus carinatus TNHC 89274 right nasal; N. Leiocephalus psammodromus TNHC 103220 right nasal; O. Polychrus gutturosus TNHC 24152 right nasal; P. Enyalioides heterolepis UF 68015 right nasal. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: am.pr, anteromedial process; sn.pr, supranarial process.
Fig 8.
Premaxillae in anterior view–A. Sceloporus clarkii TxVP M-12157; B. Sceloporus orcutti TxVP M-12155; C. Cophosaurus texanus TxVP M-8527; D. Uma exsul TNHC 30247; E. Phrynosoma cornutum TxVP M-9621; F. Phrynosoma douglasii TxVP M-8526; G. Phrynosoma modestum TNHC 95921; H. Iguana iguana TxVP M-13054; I. Dipsosaurus dorsalis TxVP M-13086; J. Sauromalus ater TxVP M-11599; K. Anolis carolinensis TxVP M-9042; L. Crotaphytus collaris TxVP M-12468; M. Gambelia sila TNHC 95261; N. Basiliscus vittatus TxVP M-8556; O. Corytophanes sp. TxVP M-16765; P. Leiocephalus carinatus TNHC 89274; Q. Leiocephalus psammodromus TNHC 103220; R. Polychrus gutturosus TNHC 24152; S. Enyalioides heterolepis UF 68015. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: alv.p, alveolar plate; n.pr, nasal process.
Fig 9.
Maxillae in medial and dorsal views–A. Sceloporus clarkii TxVP M-12157 right maxilla; B. Sceloporus graciosus TxVP M-14879 right maxilla; C. Uma scoparia TxVP M-8529 right maxilla; D. Uma exsul TNHC 30247 left maxilla; E. Phrynosoma cornutum TxVP M-6405 right maxilla; F. Phrynosoma douglasii TxVP M-8526 left maxilla; G. Phrynosoma modestum TNHC 95921 right maxilla; H. Iguana iguana TxVP M-8454 left maxilla; I. Ctenosaura hemilopha TxVP M-8616 right maxilla; J. Dipsosaurus dorsalis TxVP M-13086 left maxilla; K. Sauromalus ater TxVP M-11599 right maxilla; L. Anolis carolinensis TxVP M-9042 left maxilla; M. Crotaphytus collaris TxVP M-12468 left maxilla; N. Gambelia sila TNHC 95261 right maxilla; O. Basiliscus basiliscus TxVP M-11907 left maxilla; P. Leiocephalus carinatus TNHC 89274 right maxilla; Q. Leiocephalus psammodromus TNHC 103220 left maxilla; R. Polychrus gutturosus TNHC 24152 right maxilla; S. Enyalioides heterolepis UF 68015 right maxilla. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: cr.tr, crtista transversalis; fa.pr, facial process; Pa.pr, palatine process; p.pr, posterior process; sn.a.f, subnarial arterial foramen.
Fig 10.
Frontals in dorsal view–A. Sceloporus clarkii TxVP M-12157; B. Urosaurus ornatus TxVP M-8638; C. Uta stansburiana TxVP M-14935; D. Holbrookia maculata TxVP M-14322; E. Uma exsul TNHC 30247; F. Phrynosoma cornutum TxVP M-6405; G. Phrynosoma douglasii TxVP M-8526; H. Phrynosoma modestum TNHC 95921; I. Iguana iguana TxVP M-13054; J. Ctenosaura hemilopha TxVP M-8616; K. Dipsosaurus dorsalis TxVP M-13086; L. Sauromalus ater TxVP M-11599; M. Anolis carolinensis TxVP M-9042; N. Crotaphytus collaris TxVP M-12468; O. Gambelia sila TNHC 95261; P. Basiliscus basiliscus TxVP M-11907; Q. Leiocephalus carinatus TNHC 89274; R. Leiocephalus psammodromus TNHC 103220; S. Polychrus gutturosus TNHC 24152; T. Enyalioides heterolepis UF 68015. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: al.pr, anterolateral process; pl.pr, posteolateral process.
Fig 11.
Parietals in dorsal view–A. Sceloporus clarkii TxVP M-12157; B. Sceloporus graciosus TxVP M-14879; C. Uma exsul TNHC 30247; D. Phrynosoma cornutum TxVP M-6405; E. Cophosaurus texanus TxVP M-8527; F. Uma scoparia TxVP M-8529; G. Phrynosoma modestum TNHC 95921; H. Iguana iguana TxVP M-8454; I. Iguana iguana TxVP M-13054; J. Phrynosoma douglasii TxVP M-8526; K. Ctenosaura hemilopha TxVP M-8616; L. Dipsosaurus dorsalis TxVP M-13086; M. Sauromalus ater TxVP M-11599; N. Anolis carolinensis TxVP M-9042; O. Crotaphytus collaris TxVP M-12468; P. Gambelia sila TNHC 95261; Q. Basiliscus basiliscus TxVP M-11907; R. Leiocephalus carinatus TNHC 89274; S. Leiocephalus psammodromus TNHC 103220; T. Polychrus gutturosus TNHC 24152; U. Enyalioides heterolepis UF 68015. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: add.cr, adductor crest; pp.pr, postparietal process.
Fig 12.
Jugals in lateral view–A. Sceloporus clarkii TxVP M-12157 left jugal; B. Sceloporus graciosus TxVP M-14879 right jugal; C. Uma exsul TNHC 30247 left jugal; D. Phrynosoma cornutum TxVP M-6405 right jugal; E. Phrynosoma douglasii TxVP M-8526 right jugal; F. Iguana iguana TxVP M-13054 left jugal; G. Ctenosaura hemilopha TxVP M-8616 right jugal; H. Dipsosaurus dorsalis TxVP M-13086 right jugal; I. Sauromalus ater TxVP M-11599 left jugal; J. Anolis carolinensis TxVP M-9042 right jugal; K. Crotaphytus collaris TxVP M-12468 right jugal; L. Gambelia sila TNHC 95261 right jugal; M. Basiliscus basiliscus TxVP M-11907 left jugal; N. Corytophanes sp. TxVP M-16765 right jugal; O. Leiocephalus carinatus TNHC 89274 right jugal; P. Leiocephalus psammodromus TNHC 103220 right jugal; Q. Polychrus gutturosus TNHC 24152 right jugal; R. Enyalioides heterolepis UF 68015 right jugal. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: Po.pr, postorbital process, so.pr, suborbital process.
Fig 13.
Postorbitals in dorsolateral and dorsal views–A. Sceloporus clarkii TxVP M-12157 left postorbital; B. Uta stansburiana TxVP M-14935 right postorbital; C. Cophosaurus texanus TxVP M-8527 left postorbital; D. Uma exsul TNHC 30247 left postorbital; E. Phrynosoma douglasii TxVP M-8526 right postorbital; F. Phrynosoma cornutum TxVP M-6405 left postorbital; G. Phrynosoma modestum TNHC 95921 right postorbital; H. Phrynosoma modestum TNHC 95921 left postorbital and jugal; I. Iguana iguana TxVP M-8454 right postorbital; J. Ctenosaura hemilopha TxVP M-8616 right postorbital; K. Dipsosaurus dorsalis TxVP M-13086 left postorbital; L. Sauromalus ater TxVP M-11599 left postorbital; M. Anolis carolinensis TxVP M-9042 right postorbital; N. Crotaphytus collaris TxVP M-12468 right postorbital; O. Gambelia sila TNHC 95261 right postorbital; P. Basiliscus basiliscus TxVP M-11907 right postorbital; Q. Corytophanes sp. TxVP M-16765 right postorbital; R. Leiocephalus carinatus TNHC 89274 right postorbital; S. Leiocephalus psammodromus TNHC 103220 right postorbital; T. Polychrus gutturosus TNHC 24152 right postorbital; U. Enyalioides heterolepis UF 68015 right postorbital. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: a.pr, anterior process; d.pr, dorsal process; J, jugal; p.pr, posterior process.
Fig 14.
Squamosals in lateral and posterior views–A. Sceloporus clarkii TxVP M-12157 right squamosal in lateral view; B. Uma exsul TNHC 30247 left squamosal in lateral view; C. Phrynosoma cornutum TxVP M-6405 right squamosal in anterior view; D. Phrynosoma douglasii TxVP M-8526 right squamosal in anterior view; E. Phrynosoma modestum TNHC 95921 left squamosal in anterior view; F. Iguana iguana TxVP M-8454 right squamosal in lateral view; G. Ctenosaura hemilopha TxVP M-8616 right squamosal in lateral view; H. Dipsosaurus dorsalis TxVP M-9285 right squamosal in lateral view; I. Sauromalus ater TxVP M-11599 left squamosal in lateral view; J. Anolis carolinensis TxVP M-9042 right squamosal in lateral view; K. Crotaphytus collaris TxVP M-12468 left squamosal in lateral view; L. Gambelia sila TNHC 95261 right squamosal in lateral view; M. Basiliscus basiliscus TxVP M-11907 right squamosal in lateral view; N. Corytophanes sp. TxVP M-16765 left squamosal in lateral view; O. Leiocephalus carinatus TNHC 89274 left squamosal in lateral view; P. Leiocephalus psammodromus TNHC 103220 right squamosal in lateral view; Q. Polychrus gutturosus TNHC 24152 right squamosal in lateral view; R. Enyalioides heterolepis UF 68015 left squamosal in lateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: a.pr, anterior process; inf.pr, inferior process; pd.pr, posterodorsal process; pv.pr, posteroventral process.
Fig 15.
Squamosals in lateral view–A. Anelytropsis papillosus UF 86708 left squamosal; B. Coleonyx elegans UF 11258 left squamosal; C. Plestiodon gilberti TxVP M-8587 right squamosal; D. Xantusia riversiana TxVP M-8505 left squamosal; E. Xantusia vigilis TxVP M-12130 left squamosal; F. Lepidophyma lowei LACM 143367 right squamosal; G. Aploglossus plicatus TNHC 34481 right squamosal; H. Aspidoscelis sonorae TxVP M-15670 right squamosal; I. Bipes canaliculatus CAS 134753 right squamosal; J. Heloderma suspectum TNHC 62766 right squamosal; K. Xenosaurus grandis TxVP M-8960 left squamosal; L. Diploglossus bilobatus TNHC 31933 right squamosal; M. Ophisaurus attenuatus TxVP M-8979 left squamosal; N. Gerrhonotus infernalis TxVP M-13441 left squamosal; O. Barisia imbricata TNHC 76984 right squamosal. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: pd.pr, posterodorsal process; pv.pr, posteroventral process.
Fig 16.
Quadrates in posterior view–A. Sceloporus clarkii TxVP M-12157 right quadrate; B. Holbrookia maculata TxVP M-14322 right quadrate; C. Cophosaurus texanus TxVP M-8527 right quadrate; D. Uma scoparia TxVP M-8529 right quadrate; E. Uma exsul TNHC 30247 left quadrate; F. Phrynosoma cornutum TxVP M-6405 left quadrate; G. Phrynosoma douglasii TxVP M-8526 left quadrate; H. Phrynosoma modestum TNHC 95921 right quadrate and squamosal; I. Petrosaurus thalassinus TxVP M-9612 skull in posterolateral view; J. Iguana iguana TxVP M-8454 left quadrate; K. Ctenosaura hemilopha TxVP M-8616 right quadrate; L. Dipsosaurus dorsalis TxVP M-13086 left quadrate; M. Sauromalus ater TxVP M-11599 left quadrate; N. Anolis carolinensis TxVP M-9042 left quadrate; O. Crotaphytus collaris TxVP M-12468 left quadrate; P. Gambelia sila TNHC 95261 right quadrate; Q. Basiliscus basiliscus TxVP M-11907 right quadrate; R. Corytophanes sp. TxVP M-16765 right quadrate; S. Leiocephalus carinatus TNHC 89274 left quadrate; T. Leiocephalus psammodromus TNHC 103220 right quadrate; U. Polychrus gutturosus TNHC 24152 right quadrate; V. Enyalioides heterolepis UF 68015 left quadrate. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: ce.co, cephalic condyle; ma.co, mandibular condyle; Pt.ft, pterygoid facet; Q, quadrate; ty.cr, tympanic crest.
Fig 17.
A. TxVP 41229–27144 Dorsal and ventral view of right pterygoid; B. TxVP 41229–28513 Dorsal and ventral view of left pterygoid; C. TxVP 41229–25592 Posterior and ventral view of right ectopterygoid; D. TxVP 41229–27575 Medial view of left dentary; E. TxVP 41229–25853 Dorsal view of left compound bone; F. TxVP 41229–25613 Dorsal view of left dermarticular; G. TxVP 41229–25578 Lateral and medial view of right coronoid. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: al.pr, anterolateral process; am.pr, anteromedial process; An.pr, angular process; Co.pr, coronoid process; imfm.l, inframeckelian lip; pa.pl, palatal plate; pm.pr, posteromedial process; pt.pr, pterygoid process; Q.pr, quadrate process; t.pr, transverse process.
Fig 18.
Pterygoids in dorsal view–A. Sceloporus clarkii TxVP M-12157 right pterygoid; B. Petrosaurus mearnsi TxVP M-14910 right pterygoid; C. Uma exsul TNHC 30247 left pterygoid; D. Phrynosoma cornutum TxVP M-6405 right pterygoid; E. Phrynosoma douglasii TxVP M-8526 right pterygoid; F. Iguana iguana TxVP M-8454 left pterygoid; G. Ctenosaura hemilopha TxVP M-8616 left pterygoid; H. Dipsosaurus dorsalis TxVP M-13086 right pterygoid; I. Sauromalus ater TxVP M-11599 left pterygoid; J. Anolis carolinensis TxVP M-9042 left pterygoid; K. Crotaphytus collaris TxVP M-12468 right pterygoid; L. Gambelia sila TNHC 95261 right pterygoid; M. Basiliscus basiliscus TxVP M-11907 left pterygoid; N. Corytophanes sp. TxVP M-16765 right pterygoid; O. Leiocephalus carinatus TNHC 89274 left pterygoid; P. Leiocephalus psammodromus TNHC 103220 right pterygoid; Q. Polychrus gutturosus TNHC 24152 right pterygoid; R. Enyalioides heterolepis UF 68015 left pterygoid. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: pa.pl, palatal plate; Q.pr, quadrate process; t.pr, transverse process.
Fig 19.
Non-pleurodontan ectopterygoids.
Ectopterygoids in lateral and ventral views–A. Anelytropsis papillosus UF 86708 right ectopterygoid; B. Coleonyx variegatus TxVP M-12109 right ectopterygoid; C. Plestiodon gilberti TxVP M-8587 left ectopterygoid; D. Xantusia riversiana TxVP M-8505 left ectopterygoid; E. Xantusia vigilis TxVP M-12130 right ectopterygoid; F. Lepidophyma lowei LACM 143367 right ectopterygoid; G. Aploglossus plicatus TNHC 34481 left ectopterygoid; H. Aspidoscelis sonorae TxVP M-15670 left ectopterygoid; I. Bipes canaliculatus CAS 134753 right ectopterygoid; J. Heloderma suspectum TxVP M-9001 right ectopterygoid; K. Anniella pulchra TxVP M-8678 right ectopterygoid; L. Xenosaurus grandis TxVP M-8960 left ectopterygoid; M. Diploglossus bilobatus TNHC 31933 right ectopterygoid; N. Ophisaurus ventralis TxVP M-8585 right ectopterygoid; O. Gerrhonotus infernalis TxVP M-13441 right ectopterygoid; P. Barisia imbricata TNHC 76984 right ectopterygoid. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: Mx.ft, maxilla facet; Pt.ft, pterygoid facet.
Fig 20.
Ectopterygoids in posterior and ventral views–A. Sceloporus clarkii TxVP M-12157 right ectopterygoid; B. Phrynosoma douglasii TxVP M-8526 right ectopterygoid; C. Uma exsul TNHC 30247 left ectopterygoid; D. Iguana iguana TxVP M-8454 left ectopterygoid; E. Ctenosaura hemilopha TxVP M-8616 left ectopterygoid; F. Dipsosaurus dorsalis TxVP M-13086 left ectopterygoid; G. Sauromalus ater TxVP M-11599 left ectopterygoid; H. Anolis carolinensis TxVP M-9042 right ectopterygoid; I. Crotaphytus collaris TxVP M-12468 left ectopterygoid; J. Gambelia sila TNHC 95261 right ectopterygoid; K. Corytophanes sp. TxVP M-16765 right ectopterygoid; L. Basiliscus vittatus TxVP M-8556 left ectopterygoid; M. Leiocephalus carinatus TNHC 89274 left ectopterygoid; N. Leiocephalus psammodromus TNHC 103220 right ectopterygoid; O. Polychrus gutturosus TNHC 24152 right ectopterygoid; P. Enyalioides heterolepis UF 68015 right ectopterygoid. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: al.pr, anterolateral process; pl.pr, posterolateral process; Pt.ft, pterygoid facet.
Fig 21.
Dentaries in medial view–A. Sceloporus clarkii TxVP M-12157 right dentary; B. Petrosaurus mearnsi TxVP M-14910 right dentary; C. Uta stansburiana TxVP M-14935 left dentary; D. Urosaurus ornatus TxVP M-14330 left dentary; E. Uma exsul TNHC 30247 right dentary; F. Holbrookia maculata TxVP M-14322 left dentary; G. Cophosaurus texanus TxVP M-8527 right dentary; H. Phrynosoma cornutum TxVP M-6405 right dentary; I. Phrynosoma douglasii TxVP M-8526 right dentary; J. Iguana iguana TxVP M-8454 left dentary; K. Ctenosaura hemilopha TxVP M-8616 right dentary; L. Dipsosaurus dorsalis TxVP M-13086 right dentary; M. Sauromalus ater TxVP M-11599 left dentary; N. Anolis carolinensis TxVP M-9042 right dentary; O. Crotaphytus collaris TxVP M-8395 right dentary; P. Gambelia sila TNHC 95261 right dentary; Q. Corytophanes sp. TxVP M-16765 right dentary; R. Basiliscus vittatus TxVP M-8556 right dentary; S. Leiocephalus carinatus TNHC 89274 right dentary; T. Leiocephalus psammodromus TNHC 103220 left dentary; U. Polychrus gutturosus TNHC 24152 left dentary; V. Enyalioides heterolepis UF 68015 right dentary. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: infm.l, inframeckelian lip.
Fig 22.
Coronoids in lateral and ventral views–A. Sceloporus clarkii TxVP M-12157 left coronoid in lateral and ventral views; B. Sceloporus poinsettii TxVP M-8373 left coronoid; C. Uma exsul TNHC 30247 left coronoid; D. Phrynosoma cornutum TxVP M-6405 left coronoid; E. Phrynosoma douglasii TxVP M-8526 right coronoid; F. Iguana iguana TxVP M-8454 right coronoid; G. Ctenosaura hemilopha TxVP M-8616 right coronoid; H. Dipsosaurus dorsalis TxVP M-13086 left coronoid; I. Sauromalus ater TxVP M-11599 right coronoid; J. Anolis carolinensis TxVP M-9042 right coronoid; K. Crotaphytus collaris TxVP M-12468 right coronoid in lateral and ventral views; L. Gambelia sila TNHC 95261 right coronoid; M. Leiocephalus carinatus TNHC 89274 right coronoid; N. Leiocephalus psammodromus TNHC 103220 left coronoid; O. Corytophanes sp. TxVP M-16765 right coronoid; P. Basiliscus vittatus TxVP M-8556 right coronoid; Q. Polychrus gutturosus TNHC 24152 left coronoid; R. Enyalioides heterolepis UF 68015 right coronoid. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: am.pr, anteromedial process; Co.pr, coronoid process; pm.pr, posteromedial process.
Fig 23.
Compound bones in dorsal view–A. Sceloporus clarkii TxVP M-12157 right compound bone; B. Sceloporus graciosus TxVP M-14879 left compound bone; C. Cophosaurus texanus TxVP M-8527 left compound bone; D. Holbrookia maculata TxVP M-14322 right compound bone; E. Uma exsul TNHC 30247 left compound bone; F. Phrynosoma cornutum TxVP M-6405 left compound bone; G. Phrynosoma douglasii TxVP M-8526 left compound bone; H. Phrynosoma modestum TNHC 95921 right mandible; I. Iguana iguana TxVP M-8454 right articular; J. Ctenosaura hemilopha TxVP M-8616 right articular; K. Sauromalus ater TxVP M-11599 left articular; L. Dipsosaurus dorsalis TxVP M-13086 right compound bone; M. Anolis carolinensis TxVP M-9042 left compound bone; N. Crotaphytus collaris TxVP M-12468 right compound bone; O. Gambelia sila TNHC 95261 right compound bone; P. Leiocephalus psammodromus TNHC 103220 left compound bone; Q. Leiocephalus carinatus TNHC 89274 right compound bone; R. Corytophanes sp. TxVP M-16765 right compound bone; S. Basiliscus vittatus TxVP M-8554 right compound bone; T. Polychrus gutturosus TNHC 24152 left compound bone; U. Enyalioides heterolepis UF 68015 right compound bone. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: An.pr, angular process; D, dentary; CP, compound bone; ty.cr, tympanic crest.
Fig 24.
A. TxVP 41229–27044 Dorsal and medial view of left maxilla; B. TxVP 41229–27461 Dorsal and medial view of right maxilla; C. TxVP 41229–27359 Dorsal view of frontal; D. TxVP 41229–26798 Dorsal view of frontal; E. TxVP 41229–27364 Dorsal view of parietal; F. TxVP 41229–27120 Dorsal view of parietal; G. TxVP 41229–27365 Dorsal view of parietal; H. TxVP 41229–26976 Lateral view of right prefrontal; I. TxVP 41229–27734 Lateral view of left jugal; J. TxVP 41229–27522 Dorsolateral view of right postorbital; K. TxVP 41229–25584 Dorsolateral view of right postorbital; L. TxVP 41229–27488 Dorsal view of left pterygoid; M. TxVP 41229–27011 Dorsal view of left pterygoid. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: add.cr, adductor crest; al.pr, anterolateral process; a.pr, anterior process; o.pr, orbital process; pa.pl, palatal plate; Pa.pr, palatine process; pl.pr, posterolateral process; Po.pr, postorbital process; pp.pr, postparietal process; p.pr, posterior process; Q.pr, quadrate process; so.pr, suborbital process; sac, opening for the superior alveolar canal; sn.a.f, subnarial arterial foramen; t.pr, transverse process; v.pr, ventral process.
Fig 25.
Prefrontals in lateral and dorsal views–A. Sceloporus clarkii TxVP M-12157 left prefrontal in lateral view; B. Petrosaurus mearnsi TxVP M-14910 right prefrontal in lateral view; C. Cophosaurus texanus TxVP M-8527 left prefrontal in lateral view; D. Uma exsul TNHC 30247 left prefrontal in lateral view; E. Phrynosoma cornutum TxVP M-6405 left prefrontal in dorsal view; F. Phrynosoma douglasii TxVP M-8526 left prefrontal in dorsal view; G. Phrynosoma modestum TNHC 95921 right prefrontal in dorsal view; H. Iguana iguana TxVP M-13054 right prefrontal in lateral view; I. Ctenosaura hemilopha TxVP M-8616 left prefrontal in lateral view; J. Dipsosaurus dorsalis TxVP M-13086 right prefrontal in lateral view; K. Sauromalus ater TxVP M-11599 right prefrontal in lateral view; L. Anolis carolinensis TxVP M-9042 left prefrontal in lateral view; M. Crotaphytus collaris TxVP M-12468 left prefrontal in lateral view; N. Gambelia sila TNHC 95261 right prefrontal in lateral view; O. Basiliscus basiliscus TxVP M-11907 right prefrontal in lateral view; P. Corytophanes sp. TxVP M-16765 left prefrontal in lateral view; Q. Leiocephalus psammodromus TNHC 103220 right prefrontal in lateral view; R. Polychrus gutturosus TNHC 24152 right prefrontal in lateral view; S. Enyalioides heterolepis UF 68015 right prefrontal in lateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: o.pr, orbital process; pm.pr, posteromedial process; sao.pr, supraorbital process; v.pr, ventral process.
Fig 26.
Fossil phrynosomatids, A–H: Phrynosomatidae, I–N: Sceloporinae, O–P: Urosaurus. A. TxVP 41229–27590 Lateral view of left dentary; B. TxVP 41229–8195 Lateral view of left dentary; C. TxVP 41229–26883 Lateral view of left splenial; D. TxVP 41229–26792 Lateral and medial view of right coronoid; E. TxVP 41229–26887 Lateral and medial view of left coronoid; F. TxVP 41229–27307 Dorsal view of right compound bone; G. TxVP 41229–26293 Dorsal view of left compound bone; H. TxVP 41229–26996 Dorsal view of right compound bone; I. TxVP 41229–29096 Anterior view of premaxilla; J. TxVP 41229–26977 Anterior view of premaxilla; K. TxVP 41229–27523 Anterior view of premaxilla; L. TxVP 41229–27058 Posterior view of left quadrate; M. TxVP 41229–26982 Posterior view of left quadrate; N. TxVP 41229–26983 Posterior view of left quadrate; O. TxVP 41229–27137 Lateral view of left dentary; P. TxVP 41229–27603 Lateral view of left dentary. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: a.i.a.f, anterior inferior alveolar foramen; am.pr, anteromedial process; An.pr, angular process; ce.co, cephalic condyle; Co.pr, coronoid process; infm.l, inframeckelian lip; m.sh, medial shelf; n.pr, nasal process; pm.pr, posteromedial process; ty.cr, tympanic crest.
Fig 27.
Splenials in lateral view–A. Sceloporus clarkii TxVP M-12157 right splenial; B. Uma exsul TNHC 30247 left splenial; C. Phrynosoma cornutum TxVP M-6405 left splenial; D. Phrynosoma douglasii TxVP M-8526 left splenial; E. Iguana iguana TxVP M-8454 left splenial; F. Ctenosaura hemilopha TxVP M-8616 right splenial; G. Dipsosaurus dorsalis TxVP M-13086 right splenial; H. Crotaphytus collaris TxVP M-12468 right splenial; I. Gambelia sila TNHC 95261 right splenial; J. Basiliscus vittatus TxVP M-8556 left splenial; K. Corytophanes sp. TxVP M-16765 right splenial; L. Leiocephalus carinatus TNHC 89274 right splenial; M. Leiocephalus psammodromus TNHC 103220 left splenial; N. Polychrus gutturosus TNHC 24152 left splenial; O. Enyalioides heterolepis UF 68015 right splenial. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: a.i.a.f, anterior inferior alveolar foramen; a.m.f, anterior mylohyoid foramen; m.sh, medial shelf.
Fig 28.
Splenials in medial view–A. Coleonyx variegatus TxVP M-12109 left splenial; B. Scincella lateralis TxVP M-5531 right splenial; C. Plestiodon gilberti TxVP M-8587 right splenial; D. Aploglossus plicatus 34481 right splenial; E. Aspidoscelis sonorae TxVP M-15670 left splenial; F. Heloderma suspectum TxVP M-9001 left splenial; G. Xenosaurus grandis TxVP M-8960 right mandible in medial view; H. Diploglossus millepunctatus TxVP M-9010 right mandible in medial view; I. Diploglossus bilobatus TNHC 31933 right splenial; J. Anniella pulchra TxVP M-8678 right splenial; K. Ophisaurus attenuatus TxVP M-8979 right splenial; L. Gerrhonotus infernalis TxVP M-13441 left splenial; M. Barisia imbricata TNHC 76984 left splenial. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: a.m.f, anterior mylohyoid foramen; Spl, splenial; Spl.s, splen0/0/00 0:00:00 AMial spine.
Fig 29.
Fossil phrynosomatines, A–E: Phrynosomatinae, F–M & O: Phrynosoma, K & N: Phrynosoma douglasii species complex. A. TxVP 41229–29179 Anterior view of premaxilla; B. TxVP 41229–25618 Anterior view of premaxilla; C. TxVP 41229–28865 Anterior view of premaxilla; D. TxVP 41229–26026 Posterior view of left quadrate; E. TxVP 41229–25586 Posterior view of right quadrate; F. TxVP 41229–28986 Anterior view of premaxilla; G. TxVP 41229–27555 Medial view of left maxilla; H. TxVP 41229–27205 Dorsal view of left prefrontal; I. TxVP 41229–26214 Dorsal view of left prefrontal; J. TxVP 41229–799 Lateral view of left jugal; K. TxVP 41229–26220 Lateral view of left jugal; L. TxVP 41229–27368 Lateral and posterior view of postorbital; M. TxVP 41229–27225 Anterior view of squamosal; N. TxVP 41229–25835 Anterior view of squamosal; O. TxVP 41229–25903 Posterior view quadrate. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: a.pr, anterior process; ce.co, cephalic condyle; cr.tr, crista transversalis; fa.pr, facial process; inf.pr, inferior process; ma.co, mandibular condyle; n.pr, nasal process; pm.pr, posteromedial process; Po.pr, postorbital process; sao.pr, supraorbital process; so.pr, suborbital process.
Fig 30.
Fossil phrynosomatines, A–D: Phrynosoma, E–F & H: Phrynosoma cornutum, G & J, Phrynosoma douglasii species complex. A. TxVP 41229–27134 Lateral and medial view of dentary; B. TxVP 41229–28744 Lateral and medial view of dentary; C. TxVP 41229–27341 Lateral and medial view of coronoid; D. TxVP 41229–26299 Dorsal and lateral of compound bone; E. TxVP 41229–10024 Dorsal view of compound bone; F. TxVP 41229–534 Dorsal view of frontal; G. TxVP 41229–29015 Dorsal view of frontal; H. TxVP 41229–8994 Anterior and dorsal view of parietal; I. TxVP 41229–12032 Anterior and dorsal view of parietal; J. TxVP 41229–25834 Anterior and dorsal view of parietal. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: al.pr, anterolateral process; am.pr, anteromedial process; art.s, articular surface; Co.pr, coronoid process; infm.l, inframeckelian lip; pl.pr, posterolateral process; pm.pr, posteromedial process; pp.pr, postparietal process; rapr, retroarticular process.
Fig 31.
Fossil anguids, A–B: Anguidae, C: Gerrhonotinae, D & F: (Gerrhonotus, (Barisia, Abronia)), E: Gerrhonotus. A. TxVP 41229–27599 Lateral and medial view of left coronoid; B. TxVP 41229–27094 Dorsal and ventral view of right compound bone; C. TxVP 41229–27659 Medial view of right dentary; D. TxVP 41229–27657 Dorsal and ventral view of premaxilla; E. TxVP 41229–26858 Lateral and medial view of right jugal; F. TxVP 41229–27438 Lateral and medial view of right maxilla. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: am.pr, anteromedial process; art.s, articular surface; Co.pr, coronoid process; fa.pr, facial process; ims, intramandibular septum; n.pr, nasal process; Po.pr, postorbital process; p.pr, posterior process; qj.pr, quadratojugal process; rapr, retroarticular process; so.pr, suborbital process.
Fig 32.
Non-pleurodontan coronoid bones.
Coronoids in lateral view–A. Anelytropsis papillosus UF 86708 right coronoid; B. Coleonyx varegatus TxVP M-13892 right coronoid; C. Scincella lateralis TxVP M-4489 left coronoid; D. Plestiodon gilberti TxVP M-8587 right coronoid; E. Xantusia riversiana TxVP M-8505 left coronoid; F. Xantusia vigilis TxVP M-12130 right coronoid; G. Lepidophyma lowei LACM 143367 right coronoid; H. Aploglossus plicatus TNHC 34481 right coronoid; I. Aspidoscelis sonorae TxVP M-15670 right coronoid; J. Bipes canaliculatus CAS 134753 right coronoid; K. Heloderma suspectum TxVP M-9001 left coronoid; L. Xenosaurus grandis TxVP M-8960 left coronoid; M. Diploglossus bilobatus TNHC 31933 left coronoid; N. Anniella pulchra TxVP M-8678 right coronoid; O. Ophisaurus ventralis TxVP M-8585 right coronoid; P. Ophisaurus attenuatus TxVP M-8979 left coronoid; Q. Gerrhonotus infernalis TxVP M-13441 right coronoid; R. Barisia imbricata TNHC 76984 left coronoid. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: am.pr, anteromedial process; Co.pr, coronoid process; pm.pr, posteromedial process.
Fig 33.
Non-pleurodontan compound bones.
Compound bones in dorsal view–A. Anelytropsis papillosus UF 86708 right compound bone; B. Coleonyx varegatus TxVP M-13892 left compound bone; C. Scincella lateralis TxVP M-5531 left articular; D. Plestiodon gilberti TxVP M-8587 left compound bone; E. Xantusia riversiana TxVP M-8505 left compound bone; F. Xantusia vigilis TxVP M-12130 right compound bone; G. Lepidophyma lowei LACM 143367 right compound bone; H. Aploglossus plicatus TNHC 34481 right compound bone; I. Aspidoscelis sonorae TxVP M-15670 right compound bone; J. Bipes canaliculatus CAS 134753 right compound bone; K. Heloderma suspectum TxVP M-9001 right compound bone; L. Xenosaurus grandis TxVP M-8960 left compound bone; M. Diploglossus millepunctatus TxVP M-9010 right mandible; N. Diploglossus bilobatus TNHC 31933 left compound bone; O. Anniella pulchra TxVP M-8678 right compound bone; P. Ophisaurus attenuatus TxVP M-8979 right compound bone; Q. Gerrhonotus infernalis TxVP M-13441 left compound bone; R. Barisia imbricata TNHC 76984 right compound bone. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: art.s, articular surface; Cp, compound bone; D, dentary, rapr, retroarticular process.
Fig 34.
Dentaries in medial view–A. Anelytropsis papillosus UF 86708 right dentary; B. Coleonyx variegatus TxVP M-12109 right dentary; C. Scincella lateralis TxVP M-4489 right dentary; D. Plestiodon gilberti TxVP M-8587 right dentary; E. Xantusia riversiana TxVP M-8505 right spleniodentary; F. Xantusia vigilis TxVP M-12130 right spleniodentary; G. Lepidophyma lowei LACM 143367 right spleniodentary; H. Aploglossus plicatus TNHC 34481 right dentary; I. Aspidoscelis sonorae TxVP M-15670 right dentary; J. Bipes canaliculatus CAS 134753 right dentary; K. Heloderma suspectum TxVP M-9001 right dentary; L. Xenosaurus grandis TxVP M-8960 left dentary; M. Diploglossus bilobatus TNHC 31933 right dentary; N. Anniella pulchra TxVP M-8678 left dentary; O. Gerrhonotus infernalis TxVP M-13441 right dentary; P. Ophisaurus attenuatus TxVP M-8979 left dentary; Q. Ophisaurus ventralis TxVP M-8585 left dentary; R. Barisia imbricata TNHC 76984 left dentary. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: Co.pr, coronoid process; ims, intramandibular septum; Sa.pr, surangular process; sm.l, suprameckelian lip; Sur.s, surangular spine.
Fig 35.
Premaxillae in anterior, posterior, dorsal, and ventral views–A. Anelytropsis papillosus UF 86708 premaxilla in anterior view; B. Coleonyx variegatus TxVP M-12109 premaxilla in anterior view; C. Scincella lateralis TxVP M-4489 right premaxilla in anterior view; D. Plestiodon gilberti TxVP M-8587 right premaxilla in anterior view; E. Xantusia riversiana TxVP M-8505 premaxilla in anterior view; F. Xantusia vigilis TxVP M-12130 premaxilla in anterior view; G. Lepidophyma lowei LACM 143367 premaxilla in anterior view; H. Aploglossus plicatus TNHC 34481 premaxilla in anterior view; I. Aspidoscelis sonorae TxVP M-15670 premaxilla in dorsal and ventral views; J. Bipes canaliculatus CAS 134753 premaxilla in anterior view; K. Heloderma suspectum TxVP M-9001 premaxilla in anterior view; L. Diploglossus bilobatus TNHC 31933 premaxilla in anterior view; M. Anniella pulchra TxVP M-8678 premaxilla in dorsal and ventral views; N. Ophisaurus ventralis TxVP M-8585 premaxilla in anterior view; O. Gerrhonotus infernalis TxVP M-13441 premaxilla in anterior and posterior views; P. Barisia imbricata TNHC 76984 premaxilla in anterior view. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: in.pr, incisive process; n.pr, nasal process.
Fig 36.
Jugals in lateral and medial views–A. Coleonyx elegans UF 11258 right jugal in lateral view; B. Scincella lateralis TxVP M-4489 right jugal in lateral view; C. Plestiodon gilberti TxVP M-8587 left jugal in lateral and medial views; D. Xantusia riversiana TxVP M-8505 left jugal in lateral view; E. Xantusia vigilis TxVP M-12130 right jugal in lateral view; F. Lepidophyma lowei LACM 143367 right jugal in lateral view; G. Aploglossus plicatus TNHC 34481 right jugal in lateral view; H. Aspidoscelis sonorae TxVP M-15670 left jugal in lateral view; I. Heloderma suspectum TxVP M-8593 right jugal in lateral view; J. Xenosaurus grandis TxVP M-8960 left jugal in lateral view; K. Diploglossus bilobatus TNHC 31933 right jugal in lateral view; L. Panolopus costatus UF 59382 right jugal in lateral view; M. Anniella pulchra FMNH 130479 left jugal in lateral view; N. Ophisaurus ventralis TxVP M-8585 left jugal in lateral view; O. Gerrhonotus infernalis TxVP M-13441 left jugal in lateral and medial views; P. Barisia imbricata TNHC 76984 right jugal in lateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: Po.pr, postorbital process; qj.pr, quadratojugal process; so.pr, suborbital process.
Fig 37.
Fossil anguines, A–L: Ophisaurus. A. TxVP 41229–28734 Anterior view of premaxilla; B. TxVP 41229–28413 Dorsal and medial view of right maxilla; C. TxVP 41229–28737 Dorsal view of frontal; D. TxVP 41229–28153 Dorsal view of parietal; E. TxVP 41229–25597 Lateral view of prefrontal; F. TxVP 41229–28467 Dorsal view of postfrontal; G. TxVP 41229–25585 Posterior and lateral view of quadrate; H. TxVP 41229–28356 Dorsal and ventral view of pterygoid; I. TxVP 41229–25602 Dorsal view of pterygoid; J. TxVP 41229–28388 Medial view of dentary; K. TxVP 41229–28445 Lateral and medial view of coronoid; L. TxVP 41229–29001 Dorsal and medial view of compound bone. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: am.pr, anteromedial process; An.pr, angular process; a.pr, anterior process; art.s, articular surface; ce.co, cephalic condyle; Co.pr, coronoid process; d.o, dorsal ossification; ims, intramadibular septum; ip.s, interparietal shield; l.pr, lateral process; ma.co, mandibular condyle; Mx.lp, maxillary lappet; n.pr, nasal process; o.pr, orbital process; pa.pl, palatal plate; pl.pr, posterolateral process; pm.pr, posteromedial process; pp.pr, postparietal process; p.pr, posterior process; Px.pr, premaxillary process; Q.pr, quadrate process; rapr, retroarticular process; t.pr, transverse process; v.pr, ventral process.
Fig 38.
Maxillae in lateral, medial, and dorsal views–A. Anelytropsis papillosus UF 86708 right maxilla in medial and dorsal views; B. Coleonyx variegatus TxVP M-12109 right maxilla in medial and dorsal views; C. Scincella lateralis TxVP M-4489 right maxilla in medial and dorsal views; D. Plestiodon gilberti TxVP M-8587 right maxilla in medial and dorsal views; E. Xantusia riversiana TxVP M-8505 left maxilla in medial and dorsal views; F. Xantusia vigilis TxVP M-12130 left maxilla in medial and dorsal views; G. Lepidophyma lowei LACM 143367 right maxilla in medial and dorsal views; H. Aploglossus plicatus TNHC 34481 right maxilla in medial and dorsal views; I. Aspidoscelis sonorae TxVP M-15670 left maxilla in medial and dorsal views; J. Bipes canaliculatus CAS 134753 right maxilla in medial and dorsal views; K. Heloderma suspectum TxVP M-9001 right maxilla in medial and dorsal views; L. Xenosaurus grandis TxVP M-8960 right maxilla in lateral and medial views; M. Anniella pulchra TxVP M-8678 right maxilla in medial and dorsal views; N. Diploglossus bilobatus TNHC 31933 right maxilla in medial and dorsal views; O. Ophisaurus ventralis TxVP M-8585 right maxilla in medial and dorsal views; P. Gerrhonotus infernalis TxVP M-13441 left maxilla in medial view; Q. Gerrhonotus infernalis TxVP M-13440 right maxilla in lateral and dorsal views; R. Barisia imbricata TNHC 76984 left maxilla in medial and dorsal views. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: fa.pr, facial process; Pa.pr, palatine process; p.pr, posterior process.
Fig 39.
Frontals in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views–A. Anelytropsis papillosus UF 86708 right frontal in dorsal and lateral views; B. Coleonyx variegatus TxVP M-12109 frontal in dorsal and ventral views; C. Scincella lateralis TxVP M-4489 frontal in dorsal view; D. Plestiodon gilberti TxVP M-8587 right frontal in dorsal and lateral views; E. Xantusia riversiana TxVP M-8505 left frontal in dorsal and lateral views; F. Xantusia vigilis TxVP M-12130 right frontal in dorsal and lateral views; G. Lepidophyma lowei LACM 143367 right frontal in dorsal and lateral views; H. Aploglossus plicatus TNHC 34481 frontal in dorsal view; I. Aspidoscelis sonorae TxVP M-15670 frontal in dorsal view; J. Bipes canaliculatus CAS 134753 frontoparietal in dorsal view; K. Heloderma suspectum TxVP M-8593 right frontal in dorsal view; L. Xenosaurus grandis TxVP M-8960 partial skull in dorsal view; M. Diploglossus bilobatus TNHC 31933 right frontal in dorsal and lateral views; N. Diploglossus millepunctatus TxVP M-9010 skull in dorsal view; O. Anniella pulchra TxVP M-8678 right frontal in dorsal and lateral views; P. Ophisaurus ventralis TxVP M-8585 left frontal in dorsal and lateral views; Q. Gerrhonotus infernalis TxVP M-13441 frontal in dorsal view; R. Barisia imbricata TNHC 76984 frontal in dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: al.pr, anterolateral process; cr.cr, cristae cranii; F, frontal; pl.pr, posterolateral process.
Fig 40.
Parietals in dorsal view–A. Anelytropsis papillosus UF 86708; B. Coleonyx variegatus TxVP M-12109; C. Scincella lateralis TxVP M-4489; D. Plestiodon gilberti TxVP M-8587; E. Xantusia riversiana TxVP M-8505; F. Xantusia vigilis TxVP M-12130 right parietal; G. Lepidophyma lowei LACM 143367 right parietal; H. Aploglossus plicatus TNHC 34481; I. Aspidoscelis tigris TxVP M-15667; J. Heloderma suspectum TxVP M-8593; K. Diploglossus bilobatus TNHC 31933; L. Anniella pulchra TxVP M-8678; M. Ophisaurus ventralis TxVP M-8585; N. Gerrhonotus infernalis TxVP M-13441; O. Barisia imbricata TNHC 76984. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: pp.pr, postparietal process.
Fig 41.
Prefrontals in lateral view–A. Anelytropsis papillosus UF 86708 right prefrontal; B. Coleonyx variegatus TxVP M-13892 right prefrontal; C. Scincella lateralis TxVP M-4489 right prefrontal; D. Plestiodon gilberti TxVP M-8587 right prefrontal; E. Xantusia riversiana TxVP M-8505 left prefrontal; F. Xantusia vigilis TxVP M-12130 left prefrontal; G. Lepidophyma lowei LACM 143367 right prefrontal; H. Aploglossus plicatus TNHC 34481 right prefrontal; I. Aspidoscelis sonorae TxVP M-15670 left prefrontal; J. Bipes canaliculatus CAS 134753 right prefrontal; K. Heloderma suspectum TxVP M-9001 left prefrontal; L. Xenosaurus grandis TxVP M-8960 left prefrontal; M. Diploglossus bilobatus TNHC 31933 right prefrontal; N. Anniella pulchra TxVP M-8678 right prefrontal; O. Ophisaurus attenuatus TxVP M-8979 right prefrontal; P. Gerrhonotus infernalis TxVP M-13441 left prefrontal; Q. Barisia imbricata TNHC 76984 left prefrontal. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: o.pr, orbital process; v.pr, ventral process.
Fig 42.
Non-pleurodontan postfrontals.
Postfrontals in dorsal view with anterior to the left–A. Anelytropsis papillosus UF 86708 right postfrontal; B. Coleonyx varegatus TxVP M-13892 right postfrontal; C. Plestiodon gilberti TxVP M-8587 left postfrontal; D. Scincella lateralis TxVP M-4489 left postfrontal in dorsal view; E. Anniella pulchra FMNH 130479 left postfrontal; F. Ophisaurus ventralis TxVP M-8585 left postfrontal; G. Gerrhonotus infernalis TxVP M-13441 right postfrontal; H. Barisia imbricata TNHC 76984 left postfrontal. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: a.pr, anterior process; l.pr, lateral process; p.pr, posterior process.
Fig 43.
Quadrates in posterior and lateral views–A. Anelytropsis papillosus UF 86708 right quadrate in posterior view; B. Coleonyx variegatus TxVP M-12109 left quadrate in posterior view; C. Scincella lateralis TxVP M-4489 right quadrate in posterior view; D. Plestiodon obsoletus TxVP M-8574 right quadrate in posterior and lateral views; E. Xantusia riversiana TxVP M-8505 right quadrate in posterior view; F. Xantusia vigilis TxVP M-12130 right quadrate in posterior view; G. Lepidophyma lowei LACM 143367 right quadrate in posterior view; H. Aploglossus plicatus TNHC 34481 right quadrate in posterior view; I. Aspidoscelis sonorae TxVP M-15670 right quadrate in posterior view; J. Bipes canaliculatus CAS 134753 right quadrate in posterior view; K. Heloderma suspectum TxVP M-8593 right quadrate in posterior view; L. Xenosaurus grandis TxVP M-8960 right quadrate in posterior view; M. Diploglossus bilobatus TNHC 31933 left quadrate in posterior view; N. Anniella pulchra TxVP M-8678 right quadrate in posterior view; O. Ophisaurus ventralis TxVP M-8585 right quadrate in posterior view; P. Gerrhonotus infernalis TxVP M-13441 left quadrate in posterior and lateral views; Q. Barisia imbricata TNHC 76984 right quadrate in posterior view. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: ce.co, cephalic condyle; ma.co, mandibular condyle; ty.cr, tympanic crest.
Fig 44.
Pterygoids in dorsal view–A. Anelytropsis papillosus UF 86708 left pterygoid; B. Coleonyx variegatus TxVP M-12109 right pterygoid; C. Scincella lateralis TxVP M-4489 left pterygoid; D. Plestiodon gilberti TxVP M-8587 left pterygoid; E. Xantusia riversiana TxVP M-8505 left pterygoid; F. Xantusia vigilis TxVP M-12130 right pterygoid; G. Lepidophyma lowei LACM 143367 right pterygoid; H. Aploglossus plicatus TNHC 34481 right pterygoid; I. Aspidoscelis sonorae TxVP M-15670 right pterygoid; J. Bipes canaliculatus CAS 134753 right pterygoid; K. Heloderma suspectum TxVP M-9001 left pterygoid; L. Xenosaurus grandis TxVP M-8960 left pterygoid; M. Diploglossus bilobatus TNHC 31933 right pterygoid; N. Anniella pulchra TxVP M-8678 left pterygoid; O. Ophisaurus attenuatus TxVP M-8979 right pterygoid; P. Gerrhonotus infernalis TxVP M-13441 left pterygoid; Q. Barisia imbricata TNHC 76984 right pterygoid. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: pa.pl, palatal plate; Q.pr, quadrate process; t.pr, transverse process.
Fig 45.
Fossil scincids, A: Scincella, B–C: Scincidae, D–L: Scincinae. A. TxVP 41229–26870 Dorsal view of frontal; B. TxVP 41229–26992 Dorsal view of left compound bone; C. TxVP 41229–26998 Dorsal view of right compound bone; D. TxVP 41229–27663 Medial and dorsal view of right maxilla; E. TxVP 41229–26008 Dorsal of frontal; F. TxVP 41229–27317 Dorsal view of parietal; G. TxVP 41229–27716 Lateral view of left prefrontal; H. TxVP 41229–29162 Lateral view of right prefrontal; I. TxVP 41229–27750 Medial and lateral view of left jugal; J. TxVP 41229–29020 Lateral and medial view of right jugal; K. TxVP 41229–25904 Dorsal, posterior, and lateral view of left quadrate; L. TxVP 41229–28867 Posterior and lateral view of right quadrate. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: al.pr, anterolateral process; art.s, articular surface; ce.co, cephalic condyle; fa.pr, facial process; ma.co, mandibular condyle; o.pr, orbital process; pl.pr, posterolateral process; Po.pr, postorbital process; pp.pr, postparietal process; p.pr, posterior process; qj.pr, quadratojugal process; rapr, retroarticular process; so.pr, suborbital process; ty.cr, tympanic crest; v.pr, ventral process.
Fig 46.
Fossil scincids, A–G: Scincinae. A. TxVP 41229–27181 Dorsal view of left pterygoid; B. TxVP 41229–28300 Dorsal view of right pterygoid; C. TxVP 41229–27353 Medial view of right dentary; D. TxVP 41229–28062 Lateral and medial view of right coronoid; E. TxVP 41229–28649 Dorsal view of left compound bone; F. TxVP 41229–28060 Dorsal view of right compound bone; G. TxVP 41229–28053 Dorsal view of right compound bone. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: am.pr, anteromedial process; art.s, articular surface; Co.pr, coronoid process; pa.pl, palatal plate; pm.pr, posteromedial process; Q.pr, quadrate process; rapr, retroarticular process; sm.l, suprameckelian lip; t.pr, transverse process.
Fig 47.
Fossil teiids, A–M: Teiinae. A. TxVP 41229–27594 Dorsal and ventral view of premaxilla; B. TxVP 41229–27345 Medial view of left maxilla; C. TxVP 41229–27360 Dorsal view of frontal; D. TxVP 41229–27393 Dorsal view of frontal; E. TxVP 41229–27148 Dorsal view of parietal; F. TxVP 41229–27252 Lateral view of right prefrontal; G. TxVP 41229–27534 Dorsal view of postorbitofrontal; H. TxVP 41229–27524 Dorsal view of left pterygoid; I. TxVP 41229–27389 Medial view of right dentary; J. TxVP 41229–27358 Medial view of right dentary; K. TxVP 41229–28245 Medial view of right dentary; L. TxVP 41229–27699 Lateral and medial view of left coronoid; M. TxVP 41229–27339 Dorsal view of right compound bone. Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: al.pr, anterolateral process; am.pr, anteromedial process; An.pr, angular process; art.s, articular surface; Co.pr, coronoid process; fa.pr, facial process; n.pr, nasal process; o.pr, orbital process; pa.pl, palatal plate; pl.pr, posterolateral process; pm.pr, posteromedial process; pp.pr, postparietal process; p.pr, posterior process; Q.pr, quadrate process; sm.l, suprameckelian lip; t.pr, transverse process; v.pr, ventral process.
Fig 48.
Non-pleurodontan postorbitals.
Postorbitals and postorbitofrontals in dorsal and lateral views–A. Plestiodon gilberti TxVP M-15662 skull in dorsal view; B. Xantusia riversiana TxVP M-8505 right postorbitofrontal in dorsal view; C. Xantusia vigilis TxVP M-12130 left postorbitofrontal in dorsal view; D. Lepidophyma lowei LACM 143367 right postorbitofrontal in dorsal view; E. Aploglossus plicatus TNHC 34481 right postorbitofrontal in dorsal view; F. Aspidoscelis sonorae TxVP M-15670 left postorbitofrontal in dorsal view; G. Heloderma suspectum TxVP M-9001 left postorbital in dorsal view; H. Xenosaurus grandis TxVP M-8960 left postorbitofrontal in dorsal view; I. Diploglossus bilobatus TNHC 31933 right postorbitofrontal in dorsal view; J. Anniella pulchra FMNH 130479 right postorbital in lateral view; K. Ophisaurus attenuatus TNHC 98712 left postorbital in lateral view; L. Gerrhonotus infernalis TxVP M-13441 right postorbital in dorsal view; M. Barisia imbricata TNHC 76984 right postorbital in dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm unless otherwise noted. Abbreviations: am.pr, anteromedial process; a.pr, anterior process; l.pr, lateral process; pl.pr, posterolateral process; Po, postorbital; p.pr, posterior process.
Table 1.
Identified fossil lizard taxa represented in Hall’s Cave from this study compared to previous studies.
Table 2.
Identified fossil lizard taxa represented in Hall’s Cave from this study compared to native extant species within 100 km of Hall’s Cave.