Fig 1.
Photographs of the experimental design in the field.
Red arrows point toward the camera traps. Blue and yellow arrows point toward five plasticine models (a) and three corpses (b), respectively.
Fig 2.
Camera trap photographs of birds taken in various contexts.
Fig 3.
The experimental design testing the four hypotheses.
Fig 4.
Main results of the study.
Fig 5.
Photographs with mark details.
Seven caterpillars that observers considered to have bird predation clues.
Table 1.
Advantages, disadvantages, comments, and recommendations for the three possible methods of assessing bird predation: plasticine models, real prey, and cameras in their actual state of development. Note that cameras must be used in combination with one of the other two methods. If a cell in the third column spans two rows in the first column labeled ‘Methods,’ it applies to both methods. Literature references supporting our arguments are marked in italics.