Fig 1.
Statistical comparison of number of export paintings and characters (Source: Own statistics).
Table 1.
Data sources of export paintings and characters.
Fig 2.
Statistics of 117 character samples in 361 export paintings (Source: Own statistics).
Table 2.
Basic information of 15 representative characters.
Table 3.
List of influencing factors on the decorative art of Guangzhou export paintings in the Qing Dynasty.
Fig 3.
25 characters of samples in Table 4.
Table 4.
25 characters with appearance greater than 10 times (Source: Own statistics).
Fig 4.
Scenes of painting in Guangzhou export painting studios and character images in the artworks.
Figure name: -Qing Dynasty Qianlong Period Agricultural and Commercial Scenes Export Wallpaper (清乾隆农耕商贸图). Author: a-anonymous; b-anonymous. Source: http://www.gdmuseum.com. Copyright: Guangdong Museum, China. Use situation: use the original picture without any modification. Terms of use: Any unit or individual who uses the contents of this website by reprinting, quoting, extracting or downloading shall indicate the author, and the source of the pictures and articles shall be "Guangdong Museum Website" or http://www.gdmuseum.com. Without the written permission of the Guangdong Provincial Museum or the relevant obligee, the content used shall not be modified.
Fig 5.
Color analysis of characters’s costumes in the 17 albums of chinese natural history paintings (Source: Own statistics).
Date: from own statistics. Fig 4: from the book of Chinese Natural History Paintings. Link: https://www.aliyundrive.com/s/xAoLuHTP4Li/folder/62c7f16b82011dc014ff4d3bb3c5e82fb4c309af. Source: Figshare Website. URL: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25511146.v1. Search date: 25 February, 2024. Copyright: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Description: We found some ancient Chinese and European fine art paintings shared by Kailin Huang under CC BY 4.0 from the Figshare data sharing platform. The author acknowledges that these works are in the public domain and are in accordance with the ’Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. ’Chinese Natural History Paintings’, a series of books that are used in Table 4 and Fig 4 of our manuscript. Citations: Huang, Kailin (2016). Window on Culture: Appreciation of Chinese and Western Painting Art. figshare. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25511146.v1.
Fig 6.
Color contrast between western paintings and Chinese traditional murals.
Western paintings: source from https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13121145. Copyright: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Chinese traditional murals: source from https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-023-01069-1. Copyright: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Use situation: use the original picture without any modification.
Fig 7.
Logic diagram of the evolution of decorative arts in Guangzhou export paintings in the context of trade (Source: Drawn by authors).
Table 5.
Educationality and sociability function of export painting.