Fig 1.
The normal cardiac rotational pattern is characterized by negative or CW basal and positive or CCW apical peak end-systolic rotation, and the reverse cardiac rotation is represented by positive or CCW basal and negative or CW apical rotation. RBR is defined by rotating the basal and apical parts in the same direction in a single patient: positive RBR when this rotation is positive, and negative RBR when it is negative. CCW = counterclockwise, CW = clockwise, RBR = rigid body rotation.
Table 1.
Baseline and clinical characteristics (a), CMR and echocardiography volumetric, functional and muscle mass parameters (b) and CMR-FT and Echo-ST rotational values (c) of the study populations.
Fig 2.
Presenting the imaging modalities used for functional analysis: CMR TB technique (1a), four-chamber CMR (1b) and echocardiography images (1c) and the rotational measurements with Echo-ST (2) and CMR-FT (3) methods at basal (2a,3a) and apical (2b,3b) segments. 1. Due to the different signal intensities, the TB algorithm (a) can differentiate the myocardial tissue from the blood volume on CMR SA images and marks it with green color within the green LV epicardial contour (LVTMi). The myocardial tissue (green) recognized within the red LV endocardial contour represents the LVTPMi. Apical LV hypertrabeculation could also be observed on four-chamber view CMR (b) and four-chamber view transthoracic 2D echocardiographic images (c) with prominent trabecular meshwork and deep intertrabecular recesses. 2,3. The interfaces of the CMR-FT and Echo-ST postprocessing software are very similar. The normal rotational pattern, which is presented on a healthy control individual’s Echo-ST images (2), is characterized by negative or CW basal (2a) and positive or CCW apical (2b) rotation. Negative RBR is frequently described in hypertrabeculation with negative or CW basal (3a) and apical (3b) rotation, which is illustrated on CMR-FT images of a VUS genotype LVNC morphology subject. CMR = cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, TB = threshold-based method, Echo-ST = speckle-tracking echocardiography, CMR-FT = CMR feature-tracking method, SA = short-axis, LV = left ventricle, LVTMi = left ventricular total myocardial mass index, LVTPMi = left ventricular trabeculated and papillary muscle mass index, CW = clockwise, CCW = counterclockwise, RBR = rigid body rotation, VUS = variant of unknown significance, LVNC = left ventricular noncompaction.
Table 2.
Correlation (r) of CMR-FT and Echo-ST rotational parameters with age, functional values and genotype in the LVNC and C groups.
Fig 3.
Cardiac rotational patterns in LVNC subjects with B, VUS and P genotypes and control individuals measured with CMR-FT (a) and Echo-ST (b) methods. LVNC = left ventricular noncompaction, B = benign, VUS = variant of uncertain significance, P = pathogenic, CMR-FT = cardiac magnetic resonance imaging feature-tracking method, Echo-ST = speckle-tracking echocardiography, RBR = rigid body rotation.
Fig 4.
Comparison of the CMR-FT and Echo-ST rotation degrees in the LVNC and C groups–correlation and Bland-Altman plots with bias and LOA.
CMR-FT = cardiac magnetic resonance imaging feature-tracking method, Echo-ST = speckle-tracking echocardiography, LVNC = left ventricular noncompaction, C = control group, LOA = limit of agreement.
Table 3.
Comparision of the CMR-FT and Echo-ST rotational parameters degrees in the LVNC and C groups–correlations and Bland-Altman analysis.