Fig 1.
Office greening designs used in this study.
Japanese (left) and tropical (right) designs.
Table 1.
Plants used in the greening designs.
Fig 2.
Participants consecutively performed Stroop Color and Word Task, 1-back, and 2-back tasks in the cognitive task. The order of designs 1, 2, and 3 was balanced between participants. HR, heart rate; EEG, electroencephalography; PANAS, Positive, and Negative Affect Schedule; SDM, semantic differential method.
Fig 3.
Space impression evaluated using the SDM (7-point Likert scale).
Japanese and tropical designs with high scores indicated a good space impression. Control, control design; Japanese, Japanese design; Tropical, tropical design.
Table 2.
Positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) at baseline and under the control, Japanese, and tropical designs.
Fig 4.
Comparison of the relative theta power according to design in the 5-min exposure.
The tropical design had significantly higher relative theta power in ROI-2 than the control design (p < 0.01). Error bars are expressed as standard deviation. Asterisks above the bars indicate statistically significant between-design differences (**: p < 0.01). ROI, Region of interest; Control, control design; Japanese, Japanese design; Tropical, tropical design.
Fig 5.
(A) Absolute beta 2 power chart and corresponding (B) topograms according to design in the 5-min exposure.
Absolute beta 2 power in all ROIs except ROI-1, the control design was significantly higher than that of the greening design. Error bars are expressed as standard deviation. Asterisks above the bars indicate statistically significant between-design differences (*: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01). ROI, Region of interest; Control, control design; Japanese, Japanese design; Tropical, tropical design.
Fig 6.
Comparison of the relative beta 2 power according to design in the 5-min exposure.
The control design had significantly higher relative beta 2 power in ROI-2, ROI-3, ROI-4, and ROI-5 than the Japanese and tropical designs. The relative beta 2 power in ROI-1 was significantly higher in the control than in the tropical design (p < 0.01). Error bars are expressed as standard deviation. Asterisks above the bars indicate statistically significant between-design differences (**: p < 0.01). ROI, Region of interest; Control, control design; Japanese, Japanese design; Tropical, tropical design.
Fig 7.
Comparison of the relative beta 2 power according to design in the Stroop task.
All ROIs’ relative beta 2 power in the control design was significantly higher than that of the Japanese and tropical designs. Error bars are expressed as standard deviations. The asterisks above bars indicate statistically significant differences between designs (*: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01). ROI, Region of interest; Control, control design; Japanese, Japanese design; Tropical, tropical design.
Table 3.
Accuracy rates and reaction time in the cognitive tasks at control, Japanese, and tropical designs.