Fig 1.
Location map of the study area.
Note: (A) Maze national park and the surrounding districts (B) location of Southern Ethiopian region in Ethiopia and (C) location of the study area in Southern Ethiopian region.
Fig 2.
Walter-Lieth climate diagram of the study area for the period between 1985 and 2020.
Source: National Meteorological Agency (NMA), (2022).
Table 1.
Description of key ecosystem services.
Table 2.
Values of selected key ecosystem services of the study area (US$ million).
Fig 3.
Methodological framework of the study.
Table 3.
Descriptive statistics, variability and MK trend test of monthly rainfall (1985–2020).
Fig 4.
Temporal variations in rainfall anomalies.
Table 4.
Innovative trend analysis of rainfall.
Fig 5.
ITA of (A) mean annual rainfall, (B) main rainy season and (C) second rainy season.
Table 5.
Descriptive statistics, variability and MK trend test of monthly temperature (1985–2020).
Fig 6.
Temporal variations in mean annual temperature anomalies.
Fig 7.
ITA of (A) mean annual temperature, (B) maximum temperature and (C) minimum temperature.
Table 6.
Innovative trend analysis of temperature.
Fig 8.
Spatial distribution of ecosystem services and climate variables.
Note: Elev. = Elevation, RF = Rainfall, Temp. = Temperature, FP = Food Production, WS = Water Supply, RM = Raw Material, and CR = Climate Regulation.
Table 7.
Spatial correlation among ecosystem services, climate variables and NDVI.
Fig 9.
Spatial distribution of NDVI from 1985 to 2020.
Fig 10.
Boxplot showing the NDVI’s inter-annual fluctuation from 1985–2020.
Table 8.
Temporal correlation between ecosystem services and climate variables (1985–2020).
Table 9.
Partial correlation between potential evapotranspiration and ecosystem services.