Table 1.
Characteristics of M. sinaica leaves extract (MSLE) phytoconstituents identified by HPLC-MS/MS in the positive and negative ionization mode.
Fig 1.
The chemical structures of major compounds of the M. sinaica leaves extract (MSLE) identified by HPLC-MS/MS.
Table 2.
Antioxidant potential, TPC and TPC of M. sinaica leaves extract (MSLE).
Fig 2.
The effect of M. sinaica leaves extract (MSLE) identified on serum liver function markers in PAR-induced liver toxicity in rats.
(a) Alanine aminotransferase, (ALT) (b) Aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6); * p < 0.05 vs. control rats; # p < 0.05 vs. PAR-treated rats using Tukey’s post hoc test.
Fig 3.
The effect of M. sinaica leaves extract (MSLE) identified on oxidative stress markers in PAR-induced liver toxicity in rats.
(a) TBARs, (b) GSH, (c) SOD, and (d) GPx. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6); * p < 0.05 vs. control rats; # p < 0.05 vs. PAR-treated rats using Tukey’s post hoc test.
Fig 4.
Hematoxylin & eosin-stained sections from livers of all study groups, magnification X400.
(A & B) Group I (control) & II (MSLE) respectively. (C) Group III (PAR). (D) Group IV (Treatment with MSLE). (E) Group V (Treatment with NAC). C.V: Central vein, H: Hepatocytes, S: Blood Sinusoids, Black arrows: Ballooning of hepatocytes, Red arrows: Apoptotic hepatocytes, Blue arrows: Lipid droplets, Yellow arrows: Inflammatory cells. Circles: Lobular necrosis.
Table 3.
Histological grading of liver injury.
Table 4.
The docking scores of the seven major compounds against the three enzymes, NADPH oxidase, BChE and tyrosinase.
Fig 5.
2D binding modes of (A) Syringetin-3-O-glucoside and (B) Kaempferol-3,7-O-bis-α-L-rhamnoside to the active binding sites of NADPH enzyme.
Fig 6.
2D binding modes of (A) Cyanidin rutinoside and (B) Isorhamnetin to the active binding sites of BChE enzyme.
Fig 7.
2D binding modes of (A) Linarin and (B) 5,7-Dihydroxy-2’-methoxy-3’,4’-(methylenedioxy) isoflavone to the active binding sites of Tyrosinase enzyme.