Fig 1.
A view of the air-cooling method installation under the PV.
Table 1.
Specifications of system components with forced air-cooling.
Fig 2.
Pipes affixed to the underside of the PV to transport the cooling fluid.
Table 2.
Specifications for components of PVs with liquid cooling from the rear.
Fig 3.
Water spraying method for cooling the PV surface.
Table 3.
Measuring equipment.
Fig 4.
Sensor location.
Fig 5.
Intensity of solar radiation at various hours of the day on four distinct days.
Fig 6.
Temperature of the ambient, PV with forced air-cooling method, and PV without cooling system during the day.
Fig 7.
The PV efficiency with forced air-cooling and without a cooling system.
Fig 8.
The 3D diagram of PV surface temperature and its efficiency during different hours of the day for air-cooling method.
Fig 9.
The ambient temperature, the PV throughout the day without a cooling system, and the PV with a water-cooling system on the back.
Fig 10.
The PV efficiency with forced water-cooling and without a cooling system.
Fig 11.
The 3D diagram of PV surface temperature and its efficiency during different hours of the day for the water-cooling method on the rear.
Fig 12.
Temperature of the ambient, PV with nanofluid cooling method on the rear, and PV without cooling system during the day.
Fig 13.
The PV efficiency with nanofluid cooling and without a cooling system.
Fig 14.
The 3D diagram of PV surface temperature and its efficiency during different hours of the day for the nanofluid cooling method on the rear.
Fig 15.
Ambient temperature, PV without a cooling system throughout the day, and PV with a water-cooling method from the front surface (spraying water).
Fig 16.
PV efficiency with cooling and without cooling systems.
Fig 17.
The 3D diagram of PV surface temperature and its efficiency during different hours of the day for water-cooling method from the front surface (sprinkling water).
Fig 18.
The maximum and minimum temperature of the PV during the day.
Fig 19.
Bar graph of the average efficiency of PVs during the day.
Fig 20.
Bar graph of increasing efficiency of PVs during the day compared to the state without cooling.