Fig 1.
Modified CONSORT flow diagram.
Table 1.
Demographic and disease specific data.
Fig 2.
The before-after graphs represent individual patients’ walking performance at baseline (blue dots) and post-intervention (red or orange dots) on the (A) 10MWT, (B) 6MWT, (C) TUG, and (D) FGA. With the 10MWT, 6MWT and FGA, an increase in scores represents improvement. With the TUG, decrease in duration indicates improvement. 10MWT, 10-Metre Walk Test; 6MWT, 6-Minute Walk Test; BL, baseline; FGA, Functional Gait Assessment; MND, motor neuron disease; MS, multiple sclerosis; PD, Parkinson’s disease; PI, post-intervention; PNP, acute or chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy; SCA, spinocerebellar ataxia; SCI, spinal cord injury (spastic para- or tetraplegia); TUG, Timed Up and Go.
Fig 3.
Results from secondary outcomes of questionnaires.
The before-after graphs represent individual patient’s scorings at baseline (blue squares) and post-intervention (lilac or pink squares) on the (A) FFS, (B) BDI-II, (C) FES-I, (D) EQ-5D-5L VAS and (E) EQ-5D-5L Index. With the EQ-5D-5L VAS and EQ-5D-5L Index, an increase in scores represents improvement. With the FSS, BDI-II and FES-I, decrease indicates improvement.
Fig 4.
Correlations of gait parameters with walking, mobility, and dynamic balance.
The heatmap presents Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients (ranging from-1 to +1) of gait parameter measures and walking assessments, where greater numbers (Spearman’s rho correlation coefficients), and darker blue and black fields signify stronger positive or negative correlations. 10MWT, 10-Metre Walk Test; 6MWT, 6-Minute Walk Test; FAC, Functional Ambulation Categories; FGA, Functional Gait Assessment; FSST, Four Square Step Test; RAGT, robot-assisted gait training; TUG, Timed Up and Go.
Fig 5.
Violin plots present the changes in gait parameters of the study cohort. Medians are represented by bold vertical lines in the centre of the violins, 25. and 75. percentiles by thin vertical lines and ranges by the violin borders. Improvement is signified by a positive change (percentage) from baseline and worsening by a negative change (percentage), with a dashed red line indicating zero change. RAGT, robot-assisted gait training.
Table 2.
Results of the thematic analysis.
Fig 6.
Integration of qualitative and quantitative findings.
The concept-map illustrates the individual aspects, with plus signs denoting positive influences and minus signs negative influences on satisfactory RAGT.