Fig 1.
Conceptual framework of the current study.
The "+" symbol indicates a positive influence or association between the connected variables.
Fig 2.
Study site in Xi’an, Shaanxi, China.
The map is sourced from the USGS National Map Viewer.
Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of questionnaire participants.
Table 2.
SPoSSQ model fit indices.
Table 3.
SPoSSQ factor means, SDs, Cronbach’s alpha, CR, AVE, and effect size.
Table 4.
Model fit indices of two competing models.
Fig 3.
Final model with standardized path coefficients (Model 2).
This figure represents the output from structural equation modeling (SEM) conducted using AMOS V.26 software, illustrating standardized path coefficients between variables.
Table 5.
Standardized total, direct, and indirect effects and 95% confidence intervals.