Table 1.
Host range determination of Pseudomonas phages.
Fig 1.
Characterization of Pseudomonas phage vB_PaeM-AL as indicated by a representative pictures of plaque morphology on double agar layer plate and transmission electron micrograph (A, B), bactericidal activity (C), one-step growth curves (D), and effects of temperature and pH (E, F) on lytic activity are demonstrated. The results were combined from the isolated triplicated experiments. Data are shown as the mean ± SEM.
Fig 2.
Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induce pneumonia mice with normal saline (NSS) or phage vB_PaeM-AL using intravenous (IV) and intratracheal (IT) routes as indicated by survival analysis (A), bacterial loads and phage titer (C) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and in blood (B-E), and serum cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-10) (F-I) are demonstrated (n = 7/ group). Data are shown as the mean ± SEM.
Fig 3.
Histopathological examination of lung tissue harvested from mice with Pseudomonas-associated pneumonia treated with and without bacteriophage as indicated by the lung injury score (A) and representative hematoxylin and eosin color (H&E) staining pictures (B) are demonstrated (n = 7/ group). Data are shown as the mean ± SEM.
Fig 4.
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in lung tissue harvested from mice with Pseudomonas-associated pneumonia after treatment with normal saline (NSS) or Pseudomonas phage vB_PaeM-AL using intravenous (IV) and intratracheal (IT) as indicated by immunofluorescence staining for neutrophil elastase (NE) (red), myeloperoxidase (MPO) (green), and citrullinated histone 3 (CitH3) (red), and presented by the area with NE (A), MPO (B), CitH3 (C) and the representative pictures (D) are demonstrated (n = 7/ group). Data are shown as the mean ± SEM.
Fig 5.
The clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa following the co-incubation with Pseudomonas phage vB_PaeM-AL with and without polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) as indicated by the abundance of bacteria and phages (A, B), and supernatant cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-10) (C-F) are demonstrated. The results were combined from the isolated triplicated experiments. Data are shown as the mean ± SEM.
Fig 6.
The effects of phage therapy on the neutrophil extracellular trap response as indicated by the immunofluorescence staining using neutrophil elastase (NE) (red), myeloperoxidase (MPO) (green), and citrullinated histone 3 (CitH3) (red) are indicated by the area with NE (A), MPO (B), CitH3 (C) and the representative images (D) are demonstrated. The results were combined from the isolated triplicated experiments. Data are shown as the mean ± SEM.