Table 1.
Demographic and clinical data of participants.
The data is represented as median (interquartile range) and mean (standard deviation) for continuous variables, and as percentages for categorical variables. The Mann-Whitney U and t-test were used for the comparison of the two groups. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Fig 1.
Serotype-specific anti-capsular IgG concentration against serotype 1, 9V, 18C and 19F.
Serotype-specific anti-capsular IgG concentration was measured using WHO 007SP reference ELISA. Kruskal Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparison post hoc was used for comparison of the IgG concentration against different serotypes. Anti-capsular IgG concentrations are shown on a logarithmic scale (log10) with the geometric mean and 95% confidence interval. The dotted lines represent protective thresholds, i.e., 0.35 μg/mL and 1.3 μg/mL.
Fig 2.
Serotype-specific anti-capsular IgG concentration in individuals with (DM) and without type 2 diabetes (NDM).
Serotype-specific anti-capsular IgG concentration was measured for serotype 1, 19F, 18C and 9V using WHO 007 reference ELISA. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare diabetes and non-diabetes group for each serotype. Antibody concentrations are shown on a logarithmic scale (log10) with the geometric mean and 95% confidence interval. The dotted lines represent protective thresholds, i.e., 0.35 μg/mL and 1.3 μg/mL. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Fig 3.
Comparison of serotype-specific anti-capsular IgG concentrations in obese and non-obese individuals.
The serotype-specific anti-capsular IgG concentration between obese and non-obese groups were compared using Mann-Whitney U test. Antibody concentrations are shown on a logarithmic scale (log10) with the geometric mean and 95% confidence interval. The dotted lines represent protective thresholds, i.e., 0.35 μg/mL and 1.3 μg/mL. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Table 2.
Represents geometric mean IgG concentration with a 95% confidence interval against different pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides (PnPs 19F, PnPs 1, PnPs 18C, and PnPs 9V) based on participants’ characteristics.
The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the antibody concentration between the two groups. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant.
Fig 4.
Association of serotype-specific anti-capsular IgG concentration with HbA1c, BMI, and Age.
Spearman correlation test (r) was used to analyze the data. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The only significant association was observed between antiPnps1 IgG and BMI.
Table 3.
Serotype-specific anti-PnPs IgG concentration after stratification of diabetes status by BMI and age, and then stratification of BMI and age by diabetes status.
The IgG concentration is reported as Geometric mean concentration (GMC) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). For the comparison of antibody concentration between the two groups, the Mann-Whitney U test was used and a p-value < 0.05 was considered significant.
Fig 5.
Serotype-specific opsonic titers for 19F, 18C and 9V.
Opsonic titers were measured against serotype 19F, 18C and 9V using multiplexed opsonophagocytic killing assay (MOPA). Opsonic titers are shown on a logarithmic scale (log10) with the geometric mean and 95% confidence interval. The dotted line at 8 represents the cut-off for protective opsonic titer.
Fig 6.
Serotype-specific opsonic titers in individuals with (DM) and without type 2 diabetes (NDM).
Opsonic titers were measured in individuals with and without type 2 diabetes against serotype 19F, 9V and 18C using multiplexed opsonophagocytic killing assay (MOPA). Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison between the two groups. Opsonic titers are shown on a logarithmic scale (log10) with the geometric mean and 95% confidence interval. The dotted line at 8 represents the cut-off for protective opsonic titer. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Table 4.
Represents geometric mean opsonic titers with 95% confidence intervals against serotypes 19F, 9V, and 18C based on participants’ characteristics.
The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the opsonic titers between the two groups. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant.
Table 5.
Serotype-specific opsonic titers after stratification of diabetes status by BMI, and then stratification of BMI by diabetes status.
For the comparison of opsonic titers between the two groups, the Mann-Whitney U test was used and a p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. The opsonic titer is a geometric mean (GMT) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI).
Fig 7.
Correlation analysis between serotype-specific opsonic titer and anti-pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide IgG.
Spearman (r) test was used to find a correlation between anti-capsular IgG and opsonic titers. Although a positive correlation was observed between IgG and opsonic titer for all 3 serotypes, only the correlation between IgG against 19F capsular polysaccharide and 19F opsonic titer was statistically significant (r = 0.479; p < 0.002).
Fig 8.
Association of HbA1c, BMI, and age with opsonic titer.
Spearman (r) test was used to find a correlation between serotype-specific opsonic titers and HbA1c, BMI, and age. A significant negative correlation was observed between HbA1c and opsonic titers for 19F and 9V. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant.
Fig 9.
Measurement of antibodies to PspA in individuals with and without type 2 diabetes.
Antibodies PspA were measured in individuals with (DM) and without type 2 diabetes (NDM) through standard ELISA. Data is represented as a geometric mean with a 95% confidence interval of the OD450 values. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the two groups. P-value < 0.05 was considered significant.
Fig 10.
Comparison of anti-PspA IgG (OD 450) for gender, BMI, insulin use among diabetes, and Family history of diabetes.
Data is represented as a geometric mean with a 95% confidence interval of the OD450 values. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare two groups. P-value < 0.05 was considered significant.
Fig 11.
Association of PspA IgG concentration with Age, BMI, and HbA1c.
Spearman correlation test (r) was used to analyze the data. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. No statistically significant correlation was observed between IgG and any of the three variables.