Fig 1.
How indirect vulnerabilities arise through linked networks.
When a substantial portion of imports to country k come from country i (top network), and country i receives a large portion of its incoming foreign investment from country h (bottom network), it creates the possibility for country h to exert coercive power over country k supply chains. Such cross-linkages between networks give rise to indirect vulnerabilities of country k’s economy.
Table 1.
Top 10 country-commodity pairs that induce indirect vulnerability of the US to China in 2019.
The numbers in parentheses are the 4 digit-level codes of the commodities.
Fig 2.
Frequency distribution of PIVI for country-commodity pairs between the US and China in 2019.
The frequencies of the bins with * are very small, but not zeros: there are 2, 13, and 3 PIVI values in the [-8,-7), [-7,-6), and [4,5) bins, respectively.
Table 2.
Top 10 countries that potentially induce indirect vulnerability of the US economy to China in 2019 based on their average PIVIs across all commodities.
Fig 3.
Global map of the degree at which each country was a conduit for indirect US economic vulnerability to China in 2019.
The map shows the average PIVI of country i, defined as where J is the number of commodities with net export from country i to the US.
Table 3.
Top 10 commodities that potentially induce indirect vulnerability of the US economy to China in 2019 based on their average PIVI across all countries.
Table 4.
Average PIVI of 19 minerals identified as critical to US manufacturing security by the RAND Corporation report.