Fig 1.
Research procedure and methods.
Fig 2.
The frequency of earthquakes in each province of China from 2012 to 2021 (sourced from China Statistical Yearbook and drawn by the authors).
Fig 3.
Urban population density of China’s provinces in 2021 (sourced from China Statistical Yearbook and drawn by the authors).
Fig 4.
China’s earthquake prevention and rescue expenditures from 2012 to 2020.
Fig 5.
Direct economic losses caused by seismic activity in the past decade (Taking Sichuan, Tibet, Xinjiang, and Yunnan provinces as examples).
Table 1.
The seismic disaster prevention and reduction policies of 13 provinces.
Fig 6.
Cloud map of high-frequency words in the policy texts of national government.
Fig 7.
Cloud map of high-frequency words in the policy texts of provincial governments.
Table 2.
Descriptive statistics of key variables.
Table 3.
Preliminary results.
Table 4.
T-test (Before).
Table 5.
T-test (After).
Fig 8.
Placebo test results.
Table 6.
Heterogeneity results based on earthquake frequency.
Table 7.
Heterogeneity results based on geographic location.