Fig 1.
Global maps of SAT (A) and SAT anomalies (B) on Dec. 31, 2021.
Shapefiles are downloaded from Natural Earth, http://www.naturalearthdata.com/.
Fig 2.
The flow diagram of calculating the topological parameter of HVG mapped complex networks, Δσ and the associated Monte Carlo test.
Fig 3.
Global map of first-order autocorrelation coefficient, ρ, in AR(1) model of daily SAT anomaly time series in the period 1948–2021.
Shapefiles are downloaded from Natural Earth, http://www.naturalearthdata.com/.
Fig 4.
Global map of length of temporal persistence estimated based on the ACFs of daily SAT anomaly time series.
Shapefiles are downloaded from Natural Earth, http://www.naturalearthdata.com/.
Fig 5.
Ten time series of SAT anomalies (A) and their fluctuation functions (B).
The time series have been normalized (subtracting the average and dividing by the standard deviation) and placed in one plot, and the DFA exponent α is estimated in the double-logarithmic plot. The grey-shaded area displays the window for which the α value has been estimated (15 ≤ n ≤ 1500 days).
Fig 6.
Autocorrelation functions for the ten time series of SAT anomalies presented in Fig 4.
Fig 7.
Global map of DFA exponent, α, of daily SAT anomaly time series in the period 1948–2021.
Shapefiles are downloaded from Natural Earth, http://www.naturalearthdata.com/.
Fig 8.
Degree distribution of the ten HVG mapped complex networks for the ten time series in Fig 2.
The slopes λc are estimated in the semi- logarithmic plots.
Fig 9.
Global map of the topological parameter, Spearman correlation between Xt and kt(S), of HVG mapped complex networks for daily SAT anomaly time series.
Shapefiles are downloaded from Natural Earth, http://www.naturalearthdata.com/.
Fig 10.
(a) Boxplots of Δσ based on 100 independent simulations of fractional Gaussian noise (fGn) processes with predefined DFA exponent α. (b) Boxplots of Δσ based on 100 independent simulations of fractional Brownian motion (fBm) processes with predefined DFA exponent α.
Fig 11.
Global map of the topological parameter, Δσ, of HVG mapped complex networks for daily SAT anomaly time series (only statistically significant values are presented).
Shapefiles are downloaded from Natural Earth, http://www.naturalearthdata.com/.