Table 1.
Items used in the structural models and factor loadings.
Fig 1.
Hypothesized direct relations between perceived vulnerability, perceived illness, threat-related emotions, social comparison, affiliation, intentions, and self-reported behavior regarding compliance with the lockdown and protective measures.
Note. The bold black lines represent expected direct relations (regressions and correlations). P.Vuln = perceived vulnerability; P. Illness = perceived illness; Threat Emo = threat-related emotions; Affil = affiliation; SCO = social comparison; Abi = SCO ability dimension; Opi = SCO opinion dimension; # = original item numbers of the SCO scale; L. Beha = behavioral self-reported compliance with the lockdown; L. Inten = Intentions to comply with the lockdown; PM. Inten = intentions to comply with the use of protective measures; PM. Beha = behavioral self-reported compliance with the use of protective measures.
Fig 2.
The four hypothesized indirect relations.
Note. The bold pink lines and indices represent expected indirect relations (mediation effects). P.Vuln = perceived vulnerability; P. Illness = perceived illness; Threat Emo = threat-related emotions; Affil = affiliation; SCO = social comparison; Abi = SCO ability dimension; Opi = SCO opinion dimension; # = original item numbers of the SCO scale; L. Beha = behavioral self-reported compliance with the lockdown; L. Inten = Intentions to comply with the lockdown; PM. Inten = intentions to comply with the use of protective measures; PM. Beha = behavioral self-reported compliance with the use of protective measures. βab1 = Threat-related emotions’ indirect effect on the prediction of affiliation by perceived vulnerability. βab2 = Threat-related emotions’ indirect effect on the prediction of affiliation by perceived illness; βab3 = the indirect effect of intentions on the prediction of behavioral compliance with the lockdown by affiliation. βab4 = the indirect effect of intentions on the prediction of behavioral compliance with the protective measures by affiliation.
Fig 3.
Structural mediation model in women (Sample 1W, N = 827) between perceived vulnerability, perceived illness, threat-related emotions, social comparison, affiliation, intentions, and self-reported behavior regarding compliance with the lockdown and protective measures.
Note. Dotted lines represent non-significant effects at p < .05. Values in bold black and bold black lines represent significant direct effects or correlations. P.Vuln = perceived vulnerability; P. Illness = perceived illness; Threat Emo = threat-related emotions; Affil = affiliation; SCO = social comparison; Abi = SCO ability dimension; Opi = SCO opinion dimension; L. Beha = self-reported behavioral compliance with the lockdown; L. Inten = Intentions to comply with the lockdown; PM. Inten = intentions to comply with the use of protective measures; PM. Beha = behavioral self-reported compliance with the use of protective measures. βab1 = Threat-related emotions’ indirect effect on the prediction of affiliation by perceived vulnerability. βab2 = Threat-related emotions’ indirect effect on the prediction of affiliation by perceived illness; βab3 = the indirect effect of intentions on the prediction of behavioral compliance with the lockdown by affiliation. βab4 = the indirect effect of intentions on the prediction of behavioral compliance with the protective measures by affiliation.
Table 2.
Measurement invariance analyses as a function of gender in Sample 2.
Fig 4.
Structural mediation model in women and men (Sample 2, N = 1038) between perceived vulnerability, perceived illness, threat-related emotions, social comparison, affiliation, intentions, and self-reported behavior regarding compliance with the lockdown and protective measures.
Note. Dotted lines represent non-significant effects at p < .05. Values in bold black and bold black lines represent significant direct effects or correlations. Blue lines and values highlight significant indirect (mediation) effects. P.Vuln = perceived vulnerability; P. Illness = perceived illness; Threat Emo = threat-related emotions; Affil = affiliation; SCO = social comparison; Abi = SCO ability dimension; Opi = SCO opinion dimension; L. Beha = behavioral self-reported compliance with the lockdown; L. Inten = Intentions to comply with the lockdown; PM. Inten = intentions to comply with the use of protective measures; PM. Beha = behavioral self-reported compliance with the use of protective measures. βab1 = Threat-related emotions’ indirect effect on the prediction of affiliation by perceived vulnerability. βab2 = Threat-related emotions’ indirect effect on the prediction of affiliation by perceived illness; βab3 = the indirect effect of intentions on the prediction of behavioral compliance with the lockdown by affiliation. βab4 = the indirect effect of intentions on the prediction of behavioral compliance with the protective measures by affiliation.
Fig 5.
Structural mediation model in men (Sample 2M, N = 512) between perceived vulnerability, perceived illness, threat-related emotions, social comparison, affiliation, intentions, and self-reported behavior regarding compliance with the lockdown and protective measures.
Note. Dotted lines represent non-significant effects at p < .05. Values in bold black and bold black lines represent significant direct effects or correlations. Blue lines and values highlight significant indirect (mediation) effects. P.Vuln = perceived vulnerability; P. Illness = perceived illness; Threat Emo = threat-related emotions; Affil = affiliation; SCO = social comparison; Abi = SCO ability dimension; Opi = SCO opinion dimension; L. Beha = behavioral self-reported compliance with the lockdown; L. Inten = Intentions to comply with the lockdown; PM. Inten = intentions to comply with the use of protective measures; PM. Beha = behavioral self-reported compliance with the use of protective measures. βab1 = Threat-related emotions’ indirect effect on the prediction of affiliation by perceived vulnerability. βab2 = Threat-related emotions’ indirect effect on the prediction of affiliation by perceived illness; βab3 = the indirect effect of intentions on the prediction of behavioral compliance with the lockdown by affiliation. βab4 = the indirect effect of intentions on the prediction of behavioral compliance with the protective measures by affiliation.
Fig 6.
Structural mediation model in women (Sample 2W, N = 526) between perceived vulnerability, perceived illness, threat-related emotions, social comparison, affiliation, intentions, and self-reported behavior regarding compliance with the lockdown and the protective measures.
Note. Dotted lines represent non-significant effects at p < .05. Values in bold black and bold black lines represent significant direct effects or correlations. Blue lines and values highlight significant indirect (mediation) effects. P.Vuln = perceived vulnerability; P. Illness = perceived illness; Threat Emo = threat-related emotions; Affil = affiliation; SCO = social comparison; Abi = SCO ability dimension; Opi = SCO opinion dimension; L. Beha = behavioral self-reported compliance with the lockdown; L. Inten = Intentions to comply with the lockdown; PM. Inten = intentions to comply with the use of protective measures; PM. Beha = behavioral self-reported compliance with the use of protective measures. βab1 = Threat-related emotions’ indirect effect on the prediction of affiliation by perceived vulnerability. βab2 = Threat-related emotions’ indirect effect on the prediction of affiliation by perceived illness; βab3 = the indirect effect of intentions on the prediction of behavioral compliance with the lockdown by affiliation. βab4 = the indirect effect of intentions on the prediction of behavioral compliance with the protective measures by affiliation.
Table 3.
Standardized latent mean comparisons between Sample 2W and Sample 2M (gender effects).
Table 4.
Regressions and correlation comparisons between Samples 2W and 2M.