Fig 1.
The top illustrates all locations on the Manchester map. The middle row shows the ‘Street’ map, pictures of empty and busy conditions, the ‘Plaza’ map, and pictures of empty and busy conditions. The bottom row illustrates the ‘Park’ map, pictures of empty and busy conditions, north, and the UK map with Manchester’s position. The yellow dots are the evaluated sites. The areas shaded in blue are the areas studied. Pictures of Carvalho taken between 2019 to 2020.
Fig 2.
Workflow of audiovisual preparation for launching experiments.
Each column represents a stage.
Table 1.
Summary of the conditions.
Table 2.
Summary of the demographic information of the MCR online and LAB VR experiments.
Table 3.
Field one-minute sample of A-weighted equivalent continuous sound pressure (LAeq,1min) in dB(A).
Table 4.
Psychoacoustic metrics for the LAB VR audio stimuli.
Loudness (N), Sharpness (S), Roughness (R), Fluctuation Strength (FS), and Tonality (T).
Fig 3.
Boxplots comparing empty and busy conditions within the same experiment using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
Columns for ‘Plaza’ (3a & 3d), ‘Park’ (3b & 3e), and ‘Street’ (3c & 3f); and rows for MCR online (3a-3c), and LAB VR (3d-3f). * for significant p-value at < .05, and ** for significant p-value at < .001.
Table 5.
Wilcoxon signed-rank test results for the comparison of busy vs. empty conditions.
Where * represents the p-value for 2-tailed significance.
Fig 4.
Boxplots comparing different locations for the MCR online, using the Mann-Whitney U test.
Columns for comparisons of ‘Plaza’ vs. ‘Street’ (4a & 4d), Park’ vs. ‘Street’ (4b & 4e), and ‘Park’ vs. ‘Plaza’ (4c & 4f); and rows for empty (4a-4c), and busy (4d-4f) conditions. * for significant p-value at < .05, and ** for significant p-value at < .001.
Fig 5.
Boxplots comparing different locations for the LAB VR, using the Mann-Whitney U test.
Columns for comparisons of ‘Plaza’ vs. ‘Street’ (5a & 5d), Park’ vs. ‘Street’ (5b & 5e), and ‘Park’ vs. ‘Plaza’ (5c & 5f); and rows for empty (5a-5c), and busy (5d-5f) conditions. * for significant p-value at < .05, and ** for significant p-value at < .001.
Table 6.
Results of the Mann-Whitney U test for comparisons between sites in each experiment.
Where * represents the p-value for 2-tailed significance.