Table 1.
Sets, parameters and variables.
Fig 1.
TSP route converted to VRP routes.
Fig 2.
An example of setting lower and upper bounds.
Fig 3.
The GWO procedure.
Fig 4.
An example of how to perform the insert operation.
Fig 5.
An example of how to perform the swap operation.
Fig 6.
An example of how to perform the 2-opt operation.
Fig 7.
Operational mechanism of the tabu list.
Fig 8.
2-D versions of six benchmark functions.
Fig 9.
Convergence curves.
Table 2.
Parameters of the test function.
Table 3.
Initial parameters of algorithms.
Fig 10.
Convergence graph of TS, GWO and TGWO.
Fig 11.
The VRP solution found by TS, GWO, and TGWO.