Fig 1.
(A) Particle sizes and zeta potentials of FNP and PVA functionalized FNP (FNP/PVA) at different PVA concentrations of 1% (FNP/PVA 1), 3% (FNP/PVA 3), and 5% (FNP/PVA 5); (B) Particle sizes of CIP loaded FNP and FNP/PVA (n = 3); (C-F) SEM images of (C) FNP, (D) FNP/PVA, (E) CIP loaded FNP, and (F) CIP loaded FNP/PVA.
Table 1.
Entrapment efficiency (EE%) of the CIP loaded FNP (FNP-CIP) and CIP loaded PVA functionalized FNP (FNP/PVA-CIP) (n = 3).
Fig 2.
(A-C) FT-IR spectra of silk fibroin (SF), FNP, and PVA functionalized FNP (FNP/PVA) at different PVA concentrations of 1% (FNP/PVA 1), 3% (FNP/PVA 3), and 5% (FNP/PVA 5); (A) the blank particles, (B) the CIP loaded particles formulated by the desolvation method, and (C) the CIP loaded particles formulated by the adsorption method; (D) DSC graphs and (E) XRD spectra of FNP, FNP/PVA, FNP-CIP, and FNP/PVA-CIP.
Fig 3.
Adsorption process of CIP onto the FNP and PVA functionalized FNP (FNP/PVA) at different PVA concentrations; the particle isotherm models of (A) Langmuir and (B) Dubinin-Radushkevich; the kinetics models of (1) pseudo first-order and (2) pseudo second-order.
Table 2.
Total number of CIP molecules and CIP charge moieties during the adsorption process.
Fig 4.
Summary of interactions between CIP and FNP during the adsorption process in water at pH 6.2.
Fig 5.
Drug release patterns, in simulated gastrointestinal condition, of CIP from the FNP-CIP and PVA functionalized FNP (FNP/PVA-CIP), formulated using (A) the desolvation method and (B) the adsorption method (n = 3).
Table 3.
MIC values of CIP loaded FNP (FNP-CIP) and PVA functionalized FNP (FNP/PVA-CIP) on Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella enterica, and Escherichia coli (n = 3).