Fig 1.
Literature search and selection process.
Fig 2.
Map of number of studies by country at the paper-level.
Darker blue indicates that a country was assessed by greater numbers of studies. Countries in grey were not assessed by any paper included in this review. French Guiana was counted as a separate country. These counts of countries are derived from 43 out of 44 total papers, since one paper focused on a global scale. Additionally, the study areas of three papers included major water bodies (e.g., marine ecosystems) nearby.
Fig 3.
Direction of climate impacts on ecosystem service categories.
A paper could assess climate impacts on supply, delivery/demand, and monetary value of the same ecosystem service, causing the total number of EGS assessed (144) to be greater than the total number of services assessed in specific habitats or time periods (116).
Fig 4.
Sources and methods of assessing uncertainty or variability across papers.
A paper could address multiple combinations of sources and methods of uncertainty, making the total number of source/method pairings (69) greater than the number of papers that explicitly assessed uncertainty (33 papers).
Fig 5.
Impacts of non-climate drivers on ecosystem services.
N = 118 impacts of non-climate drivers on ecosystem services (i.e., non-climate drivers matched to ecosystem service responses), which were assessed in specific habitats or time periods. A single paper’s ecosystem service in a specific habitat or time period could be assessed for multiple non-climate drivers. Such combinations are separately incorporated into the total number of impacts on ecosystem services presented. For this reason, the total number of pairings of non-climate drivers and ecosystem service responses (118 pairings) is greater than the number of ecosystem services for which both climate and non-climate impacts were assessed in specific habitats or time periods (59 ecosystem services).
Fig 6.
Number of ecosystem services that showed mixed climate change effects for particular drivers.
N = 74 mixed EGS supply, delivery/demand, and monetary value responses to climate change. A single EGS response might show mixed climate effects due to multiple drivers. Therefore, the total number of mixed EGS response and driver combinations (142) is greater than the number of mixed EGS supply, delivery/demand, and monetary value responses (74).