Fig 1.
Observation period for COVID-19 and comparison group.
Fig 2.
Study participants flow.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of COVID-19 cases treated in hospitals in Indonesia from May to August 2020 compared with the comparison group.
Fig 3.
Difference-in-difference estimates of hospital outpatient visit rate of COVID-19 group compared to comparison group.
Note: The outcome is the number of inpatient stays per 100 individuals per month. The horizontal axis represented months relative to COVID-19 hospital treatment. Lines represented the estimated difference between the COVID-19 and comparison groups, controlling for demographic characteristics. Shaded areas represented the 95% Confidence Intervals.
Fig 4.
Difference-in-difference estimates of hospital inpatient rate of COVID-19 group compared to comparison group.
Note: The outcome variable is the number of inpatient stays per 100 individuals per month. The horizontal axis represented months relative to COVID-19 hospital treatment. Lines represented the estimated difference between the COVID-19 and comparison groups, controlling for demographic characteristics. Shaded areas represented the 95% Confidence Intervals. Estimates for the month during laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in hospital treatment were omitted because almost all individuals in the COVID-19 group had at least one hospital encounter.
Table 2.
Difference-in-difference estimates of total costs of hospital services of COVID-19 group compared to comparison group.
Table 3.
Difference-in-difference estimates of total costs of hospital services of COVID-19 group compared to comparison group by age.
Table 4.
Difference-in-difference estimates of total costs of hospital services of COVID-19 group compared to comparison group by gender.