Fig 1.
The location map of the study area (Noakhali Sadar and Hatiya sub-districts) in Noakhali district of Bangladesh.
Fig 2.
Flowchart illustrating the data collection (qualitative and quantitative), processing, and analysis.
Qualitative data was obtained by conducting Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs). Quantitative data includes Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and Standardized Terrestrial Water Storage Index (STI) values.
Table 1.
The type and domain of the respondents participated in Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) during January-March 2020.
Table 2.
Climatic condition classification based on (a) the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) proposed by Nam et al. [53] and (b) the Standardized Terrestrial Water Storage Index (STI) developed by Cui et al. [22].
Table 3.
Awareness and utilization of climate-adaptive techniques obtained from content analysis of 2 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) in Noakhali Sardar and Hatiya sub-districts in coastal Bangladesh.
Fig 3.
Temporal trend of Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) values for (a) SPEI-3, (b) SEPI-6, (c) SPEI-9, and (d) SPEI-12 at Maizdi court weather station for the period 1952–2019. The p-value of the significance of the trend from the Kendall trend test is shown. The symbol ‘ns’ indicates the insignificance of the trend.
Fig 4.
Temporal trend of Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) values for (a) SPEI-3, (b) SEPI-6, (c) SPEI-9, and (d) SPEI-12 at Hatiya weather station for the period 1966–2020. The symbol ‘ns’ indicates the insignificance (p > 0.05) of the temporal trend of SPEI values obtained from the Kendall trend test.
Fig 5.
The frequency of 7 climatic conditions (extreme wet, moderate wet, slight wet, normal, mild dry, moderate dry, and extreme dry) based on Standardized Precipitation Evaporation Index (SPEI) values for four-time scales: (a) SPEI-3, (b) SPEI-6, (c) SPEI-9, and (d) SPEI-12 at Hatiya and Maizdi court weather stations.
Fig 6.
Temporal trends of Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) minimum values of 4 time scales (i.e., SPEI3, SEPI6, SPEI9, and SPEI12) at (a) Hatiya and (b) Maizdi court weather stations. The p-value of the significance of the trend from the Kendall test is shown. The symbol ‘ns’ indicates the insignificance of the trend.
Fig 7.
Temporal trend of Standardized Terrestrial Water Storage Index (STI) values for (a) STI-3, (b) STI-6, (c) STI-9, and (d) STI-12 in the study region (covered both Maizdi Court and Hatiya sub-districts) for the period 2002–2017. The p-value of the significance of the trend from the Kendall test is shown. The symbol ‘ns’ indicates the insignificance of the trend.
Fig 8.
The frequency of 9 climatic conditions (extreme wet, severe wet, moderate wet, slight wet, normal, mild dry, moderate dry, severe dry, and extreme dry) based on Standardized Terrestrial Water Storage Index (STI) values for 4 time scales: (a) STI-3, (b) STI-6, (c) STI-9, and (d) STI-12 observed in the study area.
Fig 9.
Temporal trends of Standardized Terrestrial Water Storage Index (STI) minimum values of 4 time scales (i.e., STI3, STI6, STI9, and STI12) in the study area.
The p-value of the significance of the trend from the Kendall trend test is shown. The symbol ‘ns’ indicates the insignificance of the trend.