Table 1.
Demographic details of samples.
Fig 1.
A. Gender distributions of the subjects among four cohorts within each age group. left side is female, right side is male. B Distribution of the number of assigned reads and sequenced reads in each dataset. C. D. E and F. PCoA plots clustered by batch ID according to Bray-Curtis dissimilarity on taxa reads, corrected taxa reads, normalized taxa reads, and corrected taxa read after normalization. G. PCoA plots clustered by batch ID based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity on normalization data after corrected taxa reads. Each point represents a sample and each ellipse represents a batch, with the centroid indicating the mean. As an ellipse connects the 95% percentile of points for each batch, the size of the ellipse indicates the dispersion, and the angle indicates the higher-order features of the batch. Better alignment of the ellipses is preferred.
Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of each cohort.
Fig 2.
Microbiome community alpha and beta diversity analysis in four studies.
A. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of beta diversity (Bray-Curtis distance on the CLR-transformed) using bacterial, eukaryotic, archaeal and viral species. B. Shannon diversity index density analysis.
Fig 3.
Significant differences in alpha diversity and richness analysis between the three age groups.
A. The number of samples with no significant alpha diversity in each microbiota community is based on the Kruskal-Wallis test. B. The remaining subjects were divided into three groups depending on their age. Boxplot without colored means alpha diversity analysis (C) and boxplot filled with a color strand for richness analysis (D).
Fig 4.
Bacterial, eukaryotic, archaeal, and viral community beta diversity in different age groups.
A. PCoA of Bray-Curtis distances of the microbiota in each sample across the age group at the species level. B. Density plots of microbiota profile in community’s similarities analysis in each age group.
Fig 5.
Taxonomic composition of microbiota community in the three age groups.
A The plots show the mean relative abundance of different dominant bacterial, eukaryotic, archaeal and viral phylum across samples in each age group. B Relative abundance of majority enteric microbiota species in three age groups. C The number of differentially abundant microbiota between young, younger elderly, and centenarian groups. D The Venn diagram shows five different bacterial species present in three comparison groups. E Heatmap showing the log2(reads+1) of selected microbiota among samples and bar plot illustrates the log2(Fold change) value of corresponding microbiota in each comparison group.
Fig 6.
Age-related microbial biomarker interaction shift.
A Differential abundance microbiota of Y vs. E, and Y vs. C significant enriched cluster. Common enriched clusters in blue, green color indicate differential abundance microbiota specific for Y vs. E. B Young group-related microbial biomarkers. C Clusters containing age-related microbial biomarkers in yellow. D, E and F show Methanosarcina sp. Kolksee interactions in the clusters of Y, E, and C networks, respectively.