Table 1.
Modified visual locomotion scoring based on Sprecher et al. [22].
Table 2.
Farm characteristics of participating farms and their distribution in region North, East and South.
Fig 1.
Annual average hours per day with access to pasture for dairy cows on 659 farms in Germany.
The borders of the federal states are provided by GADM [24] for academic use under the GADM license.
Fig 2.
Effect of annual average time spent on pasture (hours per cow per day) on farm-level lameness prevalence.
The annual average time on pasture indicates the average daily hours per year during which a cow had access to pasture on a farm. The effect of the annual average time on pasture on farm-level lameness was estimated using a restricted cubic spline. The shaded area represents the 95% confidence interval.
Fig 3.
Effect of season on farm-level lameness prevalence stratified by annual average time spent on pasture per cow per day.
The seasonal effect was modeled using a circular spline using the year day (1–365) of the farm visit. Farms were grouped into herds that had no access to pasture (0h), herds with up to three hours per day (≤3h) and herds with more than three hours per day (>3h). The shaded area represents the 95% confidence interval.