Table 1.
The garum content is produced in duplicates from the ptarmigan intestines and meat, respectively.
Fig 1.
Taxonomic composition across sample types at phylum and genus level.
Microbial composition comparison of the 10 most abundant taxa between sample types. Each horizontal column indicates the average microbial relative abundance within each sample type (Crop, n = 30; Stomach, n = 29; Intestines, n = 33; Garum Intestines, n = 6; Garum Meat, n = 6) at (A) phylum level (B) genus level.
Fig 2.
Comparison of alpha diversity metrics of the microbial communities in the ptarmigan gastrointestinal tract and garum.
Boxplots of the alpha diversity of the ptarmigans’ gastrointestinal tract and the two types of garum. The indices used are richness (A), phylogenetic diversity, faith (B), ASV diversity, Shannon index (C), and Simpson index (D). The vertical line inside the boxes is the median obtained from the samples analyzed; each dot represents the alpha diversity value of one sample (Crop, n = 30; Stomach, n = 29; Intestines, n = 33; Garum Intestines, n = 6; Garum meat, n = 6).
Fig 3.
Non-metric multidimensional scaling of samples from ptarmigan’s gastrointestinal tract and garum.
Bacterial community clustering was assessed based on Unifrac unweighted distance and visualized with a Non-Metric Multidimensional (NMDS) plot. The NMDS plot displays the distance in the bacterial community composition between Crop (pink), Stomach (purple). Intestines (green), Garum Intestines (light blue), and Garum Meat (orange). Each circle represents the ASV composition from one sample (Crop, n = 30; Stomach, n = 29; Intestines, n = 33; Garum Intestines, n = 6; Garum meat, n = 6).
Table 2.
Betadiversity distance of each sample type.
Fig 4.
Shared microbiota between sample types.
Venn diagram shows the number of unique and shared ASVs between sample types. Ptarmigan’s gastrointestinal tracts microbiota (Crop, n = 31 (pink); Stomach, n = 29 (purple); Intestines, n = 33 (green)) (A) and between the ptarmigan’s intestinal microbiota and the two types of garum (Intestines, n = 33 (green); Garum Intestines, n = 6 (light blue); Garum Meat, n = 6 (orange)) (B).