Fig 1.
CONSORT flow diagram.
Fig 2.
Study timeline and assessments.
Table 1.
Demographic and clinical variables and group differences.
Table 2.
Demographic variables.
Table 3.
Overview of self-efficacy training.
Fig 3.
Pre- to post self-efficacy training versus control: Changes in outcomes.
Changes were significant in BHS (p < 0.05) and STAI Trait (p < 0.01); BHS = Beck Hopelessness Scale, STAI State = State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (state subscale), STAI Trait = State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (trait subscale), PSS = Perceived Stress Scale, Positive Affect = Positive and Negative Affect Scale (positive affect subscale), Negative Affect = Positive and Negative Affect Scale (negative affect subscale), GSE = General Self-Efficacy Scale, THS = Trait Hope Scale; error bars represent the standard deviation.
Fig 4.
Changes in self-efficacy from pre- to post self-efficacy training controlled for baseline self-efficacy.
Significant group difference in prediction of self-efficacy changes (p < 0.5); GSE = General Self-Efficacy Scale.