Fig 1.
DBS: deep brain stimulation; H&Y: Hoehn & Yahr scale.
Table 1.
Participants’ demographic and disease-related characteristics.
Fig 2.
Effect of interventions on dynamic balance during walking.
Box plots represent changes in dynamic balance during walking in the AOPT-E (left) and AOPT (right) groups, assessed by the Functional Gait Assessment (FGA). Medians are shown by lines in the centre of the boxes, the interquartile ranges are indicated by the boxes and ranges by the whiskers. Each dot represents one participant. BL: baseline, PI: post-intervention.
Fig 3.
Comparison of eye movements during pivot turning while walking between the two groups.
Bubble plots of eye movements during turning of the AOPT-E and AOPT groups: minimum duration of fixations in milliseconds at baseline and at post-intervention (A); maximum duration of fixations in milliseconds at baseline and post-intervention (B), and number of fixations at baseline and post-intervention (C). Darker colours represent a longer duration of fixations. AOPT-E: activity-oriented physiotherapy plus eye movement training; AOPT: activity-oriented physiotherapy; BL: baseline; FGA: Functional Gait Assessment; PI: post-intervention.
Fig 4.
Comparison of eye movements during stepping over an obstacle between the two groups.
Bubble plots of eye movements during stepping over an obstacle of the AOPT-E and AOPT groups: the minimum duration of fixations in milliseconds at baseline and at post-intervention (A); maximum duration of fixations in milliseconds at baseline and at post-intervention (B); and number of fixations at baseline and at post-intervention (C). Darker colours represent a longer duration of fixations and greater number of fixations respectively. Stepping over the obstacle is visualised by the action. AOPT-E: activity-oriented physiotherapy plus eye movement training; AOPT: activity-oriented physiotherapy; bef.: before; beh.: behind; BL: baseline; FGA: Functional Gait Assessment; obj.: object; PI: post-intervention.
Fig 5.
Effect of interventions on walking speed.
Box plots represent changes in walking speed in the AOPT-E (left) and AOPT (right) groups, assessed by the 10-Metre Walk Test (10MWT). Medians are shown by lines in the centre of the boxes, the interquartile ranges are indicated by the boxes and ranges by the whiskers. Each dot represents one participant. BL: baseline, PI: post-intervention.
Fig 6.
Effect of interventions on balance and functional mobility.
Box plots represent changes in the ability to safely balance (Berg Balance Scale, BBS), dynamic balance (Four Square Step Test, FSST), functional mobility (Timed Up and Go, TUG), and functional mobility with a motor task (Timed Up and Go manual, TUGman) in the AOPT-E (left) and AOPT (right) groups. Medians are shown by lines in the centre of the boxes, the interquartile ranges are indicated by the boxes and ranges by the whiskers. Each dot represents one participant. BL: baseline, PI: post-intervention.
Fig 7.
Gaze plots of two selected participants.
Using the wall poster, gaze plots of participants illustrate normal eye movements in a patient with Hoehn & Yahr stage 1 (A) and dysfunctional eye movements in a patient with Hoehn & Yahr stage 3 (low accuracy, abnormally frequent and substantial square wave jerks alongside short duration of fixation on target dots). Larger circles indicate a longer duration of fixation on the respective dots.